1. Super Senses

• Think and Tell

How did the ant know that the other ants were not from its group?

Schoolvally answer:

Ants and other animals also have different senses. “They can see, hear, smell and feel. Due to different senses the ant could know that other ants where not from its group.  

How did the guard ant recognise this ant?

Schoolvally answer:

The guard and could recognise this ant because of smell.

Try this and write  

Drop some sugar, jaggery or anything sweet on the ground. Wait until the ants come there.  

How long did it take for the ants to come?

Schoolvally answer:

Usually it takes 10-15 minutes for the ants to come.

Did one ant come first or a group of ants came together?  

Schoolvally answer:

One ant came First, then a group of ants came.

What did the ants do with the food?

Schoolvally answer:

The ants carried the food to their home.

Where do they go from there?

Schoolvally answer:

They went to their ant hole from there.

Do they move in a line?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, they always move in a line.

Block their path for a while with a pencil. Now observe, how do the ants move? 

Schoolvally answer:

They moved along the pencil and joined back the line.

Now can you guess why the ants behaved like that when you blocked their path?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, they realised that there is a hurdle and they need to find a way to join back the path.

Have you ever been troubled by mosquitoes? Just think, how do they know where you are?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have been troubled by mosquito.Mosquitoes can find us by the smell of your body. They also find you by the smell of the sole of your feet and the heat of your body.    

Have you seen a dog sniffing here and there? What do you think it is trying to smell?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen dog sniffing here and there, They are trying to smell, if another dog has come into their area by the smell of its urine or potty (latrine).  

Write  

In what ways do human beings make use of this special sense of smell of dogs?

Schoolvally answer:

Human beings make use of this special sense of smell of dogs following ways:

(a). To catch thieves.

(b). To search stolen things.

(c). To find explosives etc.

When do you find your sense of smell helpful to you? List some examples. Like – to know by its smell that food has gone bad or that something is burning.

Schoolvally answer:

Our sense of smell is helpful to us, we find it in following ways:

(a). When we smell flowers.

(b). When we smell perfumes.

(c). When we smell fruits and other tasty food items.

(d). When we smell leaking gas.

(e). When we smell dead rats.

(f). When we smell over flowing grains.

Name the animals that you would be able to recognise only by their smell, without seeing them?

Schoolvally answer:

We can recognize cow, dog, cat, pony, fish etc. by their smell.

Write the names of five things whose smell you like and five things whose smell you do not like  

Schoolvally answer:

Five things whose smell I like:

Schoolvally answer:

(a). Perfume  

(b). Flower

(c). Masala Maggi

(d). Bathing Soap

(e). New textbooks

Five things whose smell I do not like:

Schoolvally answer:

(a). Petrol

(b). Cow-dung

(c). Fish

(d). LPG Gas

(e). Garbage

Do you and your friends have similar answers?

Schoolvally answer:

No, my friend has different answers.

Discuss

Do the clothes of any of your family members smell? Whose?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, when my brother comes back home from farm land, his clothes smell of grass and mud.

Did you ever come across any smell in a crowded place such as a fair, bus, train etc. 

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, a have come across badsmell in a crowded place such as fair,bus, train etc. The smell is of sweat of people.

Think and discuss

Sushila covered her nose when she cleaned Deepak’s nappy, but not when she cleaned her daughter. Why do you think she did this?

Schoolvally answer:

Generally parents are used to good and bad smell of their children and they don’t mind cleaning their children out of love and affection.

Sushila covered her nose with dupatta, when she cleaned Deepak’s nappy, because Deppak was her Nephew and not his own son.

How do you feel when you walk near a heap of garbage? Think of the children who spend the whole day picking things from such garbage.

Schoolvally answer:

I feel displeased when I walk near a heap of garbage. And I also feel sad about those children, They should not be allowed to take up any employment in young age rather should be encouraged to join school where they will get education and Mid-day meal. If they study they will get government Job and will become rich.

Is a smell ‘good’ or ‘bad’ for everyone in the same way? Or does it depend on how each one feels about it?  

Schoolvally answer:

No, a smell is not ‘good’ or ‘bad’ for everyone in the same way it varies from person to person, It depends on the person what he thinks about a particular smell. Certainly some smells are always consideredbad such as smell of garbage or exhaust of vehicles.

Let’s see

Write the name of a bird which has eyes in front of its head (like in humans).  

Schoolvally answer:

A bird which has eyes in front of its head (like in humans) is Owl.

Write the names of some birds which have eyes on either side of the head. What is the size of their eyes as compared to the size of their head?

Schoolvally answer:

Most of the birds have their eyes on either side of the head their eyes can focus on two different things at a time. For example pigeons, crows, sparrows, eagles, Myna, Bulbul, kite etc.  

The size of their eyes as compared to the size of their head is very small and the eyes are fixed and cannot move. So birds have to turn their heads to see around.  

Looking with one or both eyes  

Could you see your friend’s action, without moving your neck?

Schoolvally answer:

No, I was not able to see my friend’s action without moving my neck.  

Now try to look at your friend’s action with both your eyes open but without moving your neck.

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I could see my friend’s actions with both my eyes open and without moving my neck.

What was the difference on looking with one or both eyes?  

Schoolvally answer:

On keeping both eyes open, I had complete 180 degree view, but while looking with one eye the view was less than 180 degrees.  

Now toss a small ball or a coin and try to catch it. Try this with both your eyes open. Then close one eye and try to catch it. When was it easier to catch?

Schoolvally answer:

It was easier to catch the ball or coin with both of my eyes open.  

Imagine how it would be to have your eyes in place of your ears? What would you be able to do then, which you cannot do now?  

Schoolvally answer:

I would be able to see on my left and right side independentlywithout moving my neck.

Write  

The names of ten animals whose ears can be seen.

Schoolvally answer:  

The names of ten animals whose ears can be seen are as under:

cow, cat, buffalo, ox, goat, sheep, elephant, lion, donkey, and kangaroo.  

The names of some animals whose ears are bigger than our ears.

Schoolvally answer:  

The names of some animals whose ears are bigger than ours are as under:

Elephnat, Donkey, Cow, Rabbit and Buffalo.

Think

Is there some link between the size of animals ears and their hearing?  

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, There is a link between the size of animals ears and their hearing. Animals with big ears can hear the dimsound from a long distance this is because large ears provide more surface area and can collect more sound waves.

Try this  

Put your hands over your ears and say something. Can you hear your own voice?  

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I can hear my own voice.

Sit near a desk. Tap the desk once with your hand. Listen carefully. Now put your ear on the desk as shown in the picture. Tap on the desk once again with your hand. Listen again. Was there any difference in the sound of the tap?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, there was difference in the tap of the sound. The sound was comparatively louder, when I put my ear on the desk.  

Write

Can you understand the sounds of some animals? Which animals?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I can understand the sound of my cow. I can identify when she is hungry and want grass, when she is ready to be milked and when she wants to go out. Also I can understand the sound of my cat when she is hungry and when she is angry.

Do some animals understand your language? Which ones?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, most of the domestic animals like cats, dogs, parrots, hen, goat, cow and horse etc. start understanding our language once we pet them and stay with them.  

Sleeping-waking  

Have you noticed that during the cold season you cannot see any lizard in the house? Where do you think they have gone?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have noticed, They animals go into a long, deep sleep in certain seasons this is called hibernation. Theydo so to protect themselves from the cold and save energy. They come back out of the holes when the climate is hot and there are plenty of insects to feed on.  

Given here is the sleeping time of some animals. Write below each picture for how many hours a day that animal sleeps.  

Schoolvally answer:

As pert he picture given:

Cow: Sleeps for 4 hours.
Python: Sleeps for 18 hours.
Giraffe: Sleeps for 2 hours.
Cat: Sleeps for12 hours.  

When you see different animals, do you have any questions about them? Make a list of ten such questions.  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have many questions about them given as under:

How these animals talk with each other?  

How these animals understand our language?  

How these animals talk to other animals?  

Can they understand our feelings?  

How do they know in advance about the earthquake?

Can these animals be pet?  

What If all of these animals die?  

Are they poisonous?  

What all do they eat?

Do they spread some diseases to humans? Etc.

Tiger

What do you think are some of the dangers to tigers in the jungle?

Schoolvally answer:

Some threats to the tigers in the jungle are as under:
Hunting and poaching for meant and their the fur/skin.
Attack by pathogens, that may cause them seriously ill.
Demolition of their natural habitat due to human activities.   

Can human beings also be a threat to animals? How?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, human beings can also be a threat to animals, people who kill animals are called hunters and poachers. The threats are as under:  

Many animals are killed and their body parts like and are sold at very high price. Like, Elephants are killed for their tusks, rhinoceros for its horn, tigers, crocodiles and snakes for their skins. Musk deer are killed just to make a little scent from its musk.

Due to growing need of human settlements, Forests are cleared and mountains grounded, this diminishes the home of animals as a result they get exposed to humans ot many a times stop breeding and get extinct.

Find out

Where are other such National Parks in India?

Schoolvally answer:

There are many National Parks in India which are as follows:

• Jim Corbett National Park in Uttrakhand.
• Gir National Park in Gujarat.
• Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan.
• Kaziranga National Park in Assam, etc.

Collect information on these and write a report.  

Schoolvally answer:

To protect animals from being hunted and porched in India, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries have been made. They are protected areas declared by Government with the primary objective to preserve wildlife, save Plants & animals and restore the natural ecological balance.  

There are 103 National Parks and 544 Wildlife Sanctuaries in India.

What we have learnt

Have you noticed that sometimes singers put their hand on their ear when they sing? Why do you think they may be doing this? 

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have noticed that sometimes singers put their hand on their ear while singing. They do this to decrease the surrounding noise and disturbance and listen to their own sound clearly.  

Give examples of animals that may have a very strong sense of sight, hearing or smell.  

Schoolvally answer:

Animals with strong sense of sight:

A tiger can see six times better at night than most of us.  

An eagle is known for its vision

Animals with strong sense of smell:

Dog is trusted for its excellent sense of smell.

A mosquito can locate a human being by 

the smell and heat of the body.   

Animals with strong sense of hearing:

Dolphins and Elephants are considered to own the best hearing senses.  

A tiger’s sense of hearing is so sharp that it can make out the difference between the rustling of leaves and the sound of an animal moving on the grass. The ears of the tiger can move in different directions and this helps to catch the sounds from all around.  

 Important Questions 

Think and tell  

Have you ever seen anyone playing a been? Where?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen snake charmer playing been in Pushker Fair, in Ajmer Rajasthan.

Have you ever seen a snake? Where?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen snake in Zoo.

Were you scared by it? Why?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I was scared because I thought all snakes are poisonous.

Do you think all snakes are poisonous?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, earlier I used to think that way.

In chapter 1 you read that snakes do not have ears which you can see. Can the snake hear the been or does it dance when the been moves? What do you think?  

Schoolvally answer:

No snakes can not hear the been. Rather, they respond to the vibrations created in air by sound of been. I think, the snake dances only when the been moves.  

Write

Have you ever seen animals being used for entertainment of people?  

(For example, in a circus, on the road, or in a park)  

– When and where did you see this?

– Which animal show did you see?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen animals being used for the entertainment of people in a circus, in a fair and on the road side.
I saw show of lions, elephants, dogs, monkeys, parrots and horses performing different stunts.  

How did people behave with the animals in the show?

Schoolvally answer:

Some are scared, while others enjoy the stunts performed by them.  

Was anyone teasing the animals? How?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, some girls where teasing the animals to get their attention.

What kind of questions came to your mind after seeing that animal show?

Schoolvally answer:

There where many questions that came in my mind after seeing that animal show like:

• Where do they get these animals from?
• How do they feed them?
• How do they train them?
• Do they beat animals?
• What if a Lion runs from the cage?
• Can I buy animals from them?

Imagine that you are an animal in a cage. Think how you would feel. Complete the following sentences:

Schoolvally answer:

(a). I am afraid when, I make a mistake and my trainer cane me.  

(b). I wish I, can go back to jungle.

(c). I am sad when, the show is over.  

(d). If I had a chance I would, hunt and eat bigger animals.

(e). I do not like it at all when, people make faces at me.   

Write  

Like snake-charmers, which other people depend on animals for their livelihood?  

Schoolvally answer:

Other people who depend on animals for their livelihood are as under:

• Milkman on Cows.
• Tonga owner on Horse
• Poultry man on hen and goat
• Fisherman on fish
• Camel cart owner on Camel
• Bullock cart owner on Bull or Ox

Survey– People who keep animals  

Name the animal they keep?  

Schoolvally answer:

In my neighbourhood, one family keeps cow for their livelihood.

How many animals are there?  

Schoolvally answer:

There are two cows and 2 calves.

Is there a separate place for the animals?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, there is a separate shed for them, with lighting and food storage.

Who looks after them?

Schoolvally answer:

The family and a labour looks after them.

What do the animals eat?

Schoolvally answer:

The animals eat fresh grass, dry grass, cotton seed cakes and feed. Also neighbourhood people give vegetable waste to them. Some times during festivals cows are given flour dough or sweets.  

Do the animals ever fall ill? What does the keeper do then?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, animals fall ill. The keeper calls a veterinary doctor for treatment. He examines the animal and prescribes medicines many times they are given injections.

Make some more questions and discuss.

Schoolvally answer:

Some more questions would be:

• How much milk does they give?
• Why they keep on moving their tail and ear.
• Do they know that their milk is been sold.
• Do they get tired of standing.

Make a report on your project and read it out in the class.   

Schoolvally answer:

Animal farming is one one on the first thing that man leaned to do, It was one of the key factors of human settlement. Domestication of animals is mostly done for economic benefit. Like cows and buffaloes give mild, sheep and goat give meat. Hens and ducks give eggs and meat. Horse and camels are used to pull a cart.

So many animals and so many benefits, but it is not possible to keep all of them on our house in cities, however cows are most common animal that we find in cities too. In our neighbourhood also there is a family who has two cows and two calves.

They have a separate shed for them, They take good care of them and give them medicines when they fall sick. They also have labour who takes care of cows and does the cleaning work.

During festivals we all go to their house and feed the cows, it is a ritual that we follow. The cows keep eating whole day and when they are no eating they are chewing, I like watching them very much.

What Have We Learnt  

The government has made a law that no one can catch and keep snakes. What do you think about this law? Give reasons for your answer and write in your own words.  

Schoolvally answer:

I think this is a good law. No animal likes to to be kept in cage. They live best in their natural habitat which is jungle or farm lands.

They are farmers friend and keep a check on rodents population. They play important role in food chain and maintain ecological balance. They are porched for their skin and meat so I think this is a good law to protect snakes.

 Important Questions 

Discuss and write.  

Jhoolan’s mouth started watering when she heard the word imli. When does your mouth water? List five things you like to eat and describe their taste.

Schoolvally answer:

My mouth waters when I see or think about ice-cream. Five things that I like to eat are as under:

• Ice cream- Sweet in taste.
• Golgappe- Sour in taste.
• Mango- Sweet in taste.
• Imli- Sour in taste.
• Alu chaat- Spicy in taste.

Do you like only one kind of taste or different ones? Why?

Schoolvally answer:

I like different kind of taste, because it will be boring to eat same taste all the time. Also one should eat variety of food items so we may get full nutrition.  

Jhoolan put a few drops of lemon juice in Jhumpa’s mouth. Do you think we can make out the taste with just a few drops?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, we can make out taste of lemon juice with just few drops, because the flavour of lemon is very strong only a few drops of lemon juice are enough.

If someone were to put a few seeds of saunf (aniseed) on your tongue, would you be able to tell with your eyes closed? How?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I would you be able to tell with my eyes closed, If someone were to put a few seeds of saunf (aniseed) on my tongue, because of feeling the texture in my mouth and strong smell.

How did Jhumpa make out the fried fish? Can you guess the names of certain things only by their smell, without seeing or tasting them? What are these things?

Schoolvally answer:

Jhumpa made out the fried fish by its smell. Yes, I can guess the names of many things only by its smell, without seeing or tasting them. These things are:

Fish, Omlate, Samosa, Pani Puri, Halwa, Gulab jamun, etc.   

Has anyone ever told you to hold your nose before taking a medicine? Why do you think they tell you to do this?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I remember it once, I was told to hold my nose before taking medicine. They told me to do this because, our sense of smell helps us to get the complete taste of food item, closing our nose will some what mask the bitter taste of the medicine.  

Close your eyes and tell   

How did it taste? What was the food item?

Schoolvally answer:

• It taste bitter. It was syrup with ginger and garlic.
• It taste sweet it was mango shake.
• It taste spicy it was mushroom soup.

On which part of the tongue could you get the most taste – in front, at the back, on the left or right side of the tongue?

Schoolvally answer:

The frontand the edges left and right side of the tongue and the back have taste buds to identify different tastes. As compare to other parts of tongue the middle part of tongue has almost no taste buds. Hence it is least sensitive to tastes.  

Which taste could be made out on which part of the tongue? Mark these parts on the picture given.  

Schoolvally answer:

• Front: Taste buds for sweet.
• left and right side after front: Taste buds for Salty.
• Left and right towards back: Taste buds for Sour
• Back: Taste buds for bitter.
• Middle: No taste buds.

One at a time put some things to eat in other parts of your mouth – under the tongue, on the lips, on the roof of the mouth. Did you get any taste there?  

Schoolvally answer:

• Under the tongue: No taste
• On the lips: No taste
• On the roof of the mouth: No taste

Stand in front of a mirror and look closely at your tongue. How does the surface look? Can you see any tiny bumps on the surface?

Schoolvally answer:

The surface look coarse, Yes, I can see tiny bumps on it.

Tell

If someone asks you to describe the taste of amla or cucumber, you might find it difficult to explain. How would you describe the taste of these – tomato, onion, saunf, garlic.  

Schoolvally answer:

• Tomato: Sou
• Onion: pungent
• Saunf: Sweet
• Garlic: Bitter and pungent

Think of words that you know or make up your own words to describe the taste.

Schoolvally answer:

• Tomato: tangy.
• Onion: Smelly
• Saunf: Refreshing and aromatic
• Garlic: Very Smelly and sticky.

When Jhumpa tasted some of the things, she said “Sssee, sssee, sssee…”…..What do you think she may have eaten?

Schoolvally answer:

I think she must have eaten a chilli which was spicy and very hot.  

Why don’t you make sounds that describe some tastes?

Schoolvally answer:

• Yum Yum: Sweet like chocolate.
• Sup Sup: sweet and juicy like mango shake.
• Yek yek: Bitter like garlic.
• Chataka: Salty, tangy and spicy like Gol-Gappe or chaat.

From your expressions and sounds ask your friends to guess what you might have eaten.

Schoolvally answer:

• yummm: Ladoo or Gulab-jamun.
• Woww: Burger or Pizza.
• Eeyah: Bitter gauard or Fish.
• Gup-Gup: Noodles or Momos.
• Surrr: Tomato soup or chicken soup.

Chew it or chew it well: What’s the difference?

Each of you take a piece of bread or roti or some cooked rice.Put it in your mouth, chew three to four times and swallow it.

Did the taste change as you chewed it?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, It became sweat.

Now take another piece or some rice and chew it thirty to thirty-two times.

Schoolvally answer:

It became sweater and watery as I chew.

Was there any change in the taste after chewing so many times?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, All the flavours came out, since it get spread on all the parts of tongue.

Discuss

Has anyone at home told you to eat slowly and to chew well so that the food digests properly? Why do you think they say this?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, My father has told me to eat slowly and chew well so he food digests properly, He said so because the process of digestion starts in the mouth when saliva mixes with the food and makes it soluble. It gets swallowed easily and hence can be digested properly. If the food is not chewed properly, it takes a longer time to digest and can also cause stomach ache.  

Imagine you are eating something hard like a green guava. What kinds of changes take place in it–from the time you bite a piece and put it in your mouth to when you swallow it?

Schoolvally answer:

When I bite green guava, it is hard and tastes slightly Sour. But, after chewing the piece of hard guava, it becomes granular but soft and sweet in taste.  

Think what does the saliva in our mouth do?  

Schoolvally answer:

Saliva plays an Important role in digestion of food as:

• Saliva keeps your mouth moist for comfort.
• It kills harmful bacteria in the mouth and food.
• Helps in the healing process of wounds inside mouth.
• Lubricates the food and makes it easy to swallow.
• Helps us to taste the food by spreading it over the tongue.  

Straight from the Heart  

Where do you think the food must be going after you put it in your mouth and swallow it?  

Schoolvally answer:

We can say that the food passes through food pipe reaches to stomach and small and large intestine after swallowing from the mouth.

Discuss

How do you feel when you are very hungry? How would you describe it? For example, sometimes we jokingly say, “I am so hungry I could eat an elephant!”

Schoolvally answer:

When I am hungry, I feel pain in my stomach and making sounds come out of it, and I laughingly say rats are running in my stomach.  

How do you come to know that you are hungry?

Schoolvally answer:

When I am hungry, I feel pain in my stomach and feel uneasy.

Think what would happen if you do not eat anything for two days?

Schoolvally answer:

If I do not eat anything for two days:

• I will become week.
• I will get head aches.
• I will get stomach aches.   
• I will feel tired.
• I will get angry easily.

Would you be able to manage without drinking water for two days? Where do you think the water that we drink goes?  

Schoolvally answer:

it is not possible to manage without water for two days. The water we drink is used in digestion of food within our body.  

It carries the waste material from the body which is exerted out of the body as urine and sweat. 

Talk and discuss  

Have you heard the word ‘glucose’, or seen it written anywhere? Where?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have heard this word. I have seen it written on biscuits and some other snacks. Also on the Health drinks.

Have you ever tasted glucose? How does it taste? Tell your friends.

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have tasted glucose. It tastes sweet.

Have you or anyone in your family been given a glucose drip? When and why? Tell the class about it.  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, my brother was given glucose drip. When he had malaria, He was very week due to sickness.  

Nitu’s teacher used to tell the girls to have glucose while playing hockey. Why do you think she did this?

Schoolvally answer:

While playing hockey girls need a lot of energy, since glucose solution provides instant energy that is why the teacher used to tell the girls to have glucose.

A lot of sweating occurs while playing which cause a loss of water and glucose is taken with water, so they will also intake water with glucose.  

Look at Nitu’s picture and describe what is happening. How is the glucose drip being given?

Schoolvally answer:

A glucose drip is given to Nitu in the picture. The glucose bottle is hanged on a stand at some height and glucose is given drop by drop using a tube and a needle. The glucose solution is been administered in Nitu's arm through a vein.

Think and discuss

Imagine, if you had been in place of Dr. Beaumont, what experiments
would you have done to find out the secrets of our stomach? Write about your experiments.  

Schoolvally answer:

If I were in place of Dr. Beaumont, I would have done experiments with chocolate and momos . I would have taken digestive juices from Martin’s stomach and kept equal amounts of chocolate and momos in different glasses.  

I would have noted the time duration, each of those specific food items had taken to digest.  

Discuss  

Why do you think Rashmi could eat only one roti in the whole day?  

Schoolvally answer:

Like most of the Indians Rashmi is too poor to afford a platter full of meal, and that is why she could eat only one roti in the whole day.

Do you think Kailash would like games and sports?

Schoolvally answer:

No, I don’t think so, because of his obesity, he would not be able to play well and will get tired easily. Hence, he would not participate in any physical or sports activities.  

What do you understand by ‘proper’ food?

Schoolvally answer:

Proper food is not about taste but is about nutritious value in the food. The food which has sufficient vitamins, minerals and contains the right amount of nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins and roughage that is required by the body can be called proper food or balanced diet. Also proper food is age and health condition specific.

Why do you think that the food of Rashmi and Kailash was not proper?  

Schoolvally answer:

I think that the food of Rashmi and Kailash was not proper, because Rashmi was under feed while Kailash was over feed.

Rashmi was suffering form a health condition called malnutrition and Kailash was suffering from condition called obesity.

Find out

Talk with your grandparents or elderly people and find out what they ate and what work they did when they were of your age.  

They ate Whole grains, Rice, vegetables and Meat. Their diet included milk and milk products.

Their work included going to school, Fetching water from nearby village and selling farm produce.

Now think about yourself  

  your daily activities and daily diet.

Schoolvally answer:

My daily activities include going to school, studying, watching T.V and playing.

My daily diet include milk eggs and processed flour and pulses. Rice and Fruits.  

– Are these similar or different from what your grandparents did and ate?

Schoolvally answer:

No these are not similar they are different to what my grandparents did and ate.

My dally activities are not laborious in nature as compared to my grandparents.

My diet comprises of packed food items and processed food and they are less greasy in nature.  

Think and discuss

Do you know any child who does not get enough to eat in the whole day? What are the reasons?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, Out side school there is a colony and I see many boys begging for food there. The reason is that their parents do not have government job. Most of the time of the year they are jobless.

Why do you think people suffer from starvation?

Schoolvally answer:

Starvation means hunger. People suffer starvation, because they do not have money to buy food. Most of the Indians don’t have any job or fixed income.  

What kind of health problems occur when we do not get enough food for a very long time?  

Schoolvally answer:

• We will loose weight and become mentally dull.
• We will have poor eye sight and brittle bones.
• We will become week and suffer fatigue all the time.
• We will have low immunity will be prone to diseases.
• We will look skinny-ugly and die early.

Where do the grains from the field go after reaching the mandis?

Schoolvally answer:

From mandies it goes to mills for processing and packing. Then it is transported to different cities for sale.

Have you come across any news related to huge spoilage in mandis or godowns? Collect some news of food spoilage or wastage on a large scale in mandis or godowns.

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, there are plenty of incidences every year when huge spoilage of grains happen in mandies or godowns. It happens in every state where grains are kept in open.

Read the news and find out the reasons of spoilage of grains. How can such incidents be checked?  

Schoolvally answer:

The reasons of spoilage of grains are as under:

Growth of fungus due to moisture in the grains.

Grains are stored in open, where they are eaten by birds and rodents also in rainy season it gets wet and spoiled.

Such incidents can be checked by:

Maintaining proper temperature and humidity of store house.

Controlling infusion of insects, mites, birds, rodents etc.

What have we learnt

Why can you not taste food properly when you have a cold?

Schoolvally answer:

Our sense of smell helps in getting the complete taste of food. When we have cold, our nose is blocked and we are unable to smell properly. Hence, we are unable to taste food properly in case of cold.  

If we were to say that “digestion begins in the mouth”, how would you explain this? Write.

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, this is correct that first step of “digestion begins in mouth”. The salivary glands present in the mouth secretes saliva which contains digestive enzymes like amylase. This enzyme from saliva helps in breaking complex sugars into simple sugars so the actual chemical break down of carbohydrates starts here.  

Hence, it can be said that digestion begins in the mouth.   

 Important Questions 

Discuss

How did Aman know that the potato sabzi had got spoilt?

Schoolvally answer:

Aman knew that the potato sabzi had gotten spoilt because when Nitu opened the lunch box, a bad smell came from it.

Have you ever seen some food that has got spoilt? How did you know that it was spoiled?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, when bread is kept in fridge for a week it got spoilt, I know it was spoiled, as I could see green and black spots on it.  

Preeti told Nitu not to eat the potato sabzi. What would have happened if she had eaten it?  

Schoolvally answer:

Preeti told Nitu not to eat the potato sabzi, if she had eaten it she would have fallen ill and might have to go to hospital due to stomach infection.  

Write

Look in your kitchen and write down names of food items that  

- can get spoilt in 2-3 days

Schoolvally answer:

Food items that can get spoilt in 2-3 days are as under:

Milk, Bread, Cooked rice, Boiled eggs etc.   

- can be kept for a week

Schoolvally answer:

Dry Onion, Potatoes, Ginger, Pop-corn etc.

- would not spoil till one month

Schoolvally answer:

Flour, Dry rice, pickles, Garlic, Honey, Jam, cereals etc.

Look at your friend’s list and discuss in the class.

Schoolvally answer:

My friend’s list is quite similar:

• Cooked food get spoilt in 2-3 days.
• Raw vegetables can be stored for a week.
• Dry grains and dried vegetables can be stored for a month.
• Processed food like Jam, Pickles and honey can be stored for more than a month.

Will your list be the same in all seasons? What would change?

Schoolvally answer:

No, my list will not be same in all seasons the time duration will change, because climatic condition s such as moisture and temperature effects positively or negatively on the food item. This is given as under:

Winter season has low temperature and moisture this is good for green leafy vegetables they can stay fresh longer.

Summer season has high temperature and low moisture, this is good for dry grains and potatoes onion, garlic etc. but is not good for green leafy vegetables.

Monsoon season has average temperature and high humidity, his is good for germination of seeds and ideal for molds and fungi. We can see potatoes will have eyes and shoots coming out of onion and garlic, food items spoil very easily.

When food gets spoilt in your house, what do you do with it?

Schoolvally answer:

When food in our house gets spoilt, we throw it away and do not eat.

Biji returned the bread   

Look at the picture of the bread packet here and guess why Biji returned it?  

Schoolvally answer:

Biji returned it immediately as it was not fit to eat.

How did she find that the bread had got spoilt?  

Schoolvally answer:

She might have seen the greenish black patches on the bread slices in side the packet.  

Find out  

What can we know from what is written on the packet?

Schoolvally answer:

We can know the many things from the packet so of them are as under:

• Cost Price of the food item.
• Net weight of the food item.
• Manufacturing date of the food item.
• Expiry date of the food item.
• Ingredients of the food item.
• Nutritional value chart of the food item.
• Preservatives used in the food item.
• Is the food item vegetarian or Non-vegetarian.

When you buy anything from the market, what do you look for on the packet?

Schoolvally answer:

When I buy anything from the market, I lookfor the following:

• Cost Price of the food item.
• Net weight of the food item.
•  Manufacturing dateof the food item.
•  Expiry dateof the food item.
• Ingredients of the food item.
• Nutritional value chart of the food item.
• Preservatives used in the food item.
• Is the food item vegetarian or non-vegetarian.

How does the food get spoilt?  

Changes in the bread or roti  

Schoolvally answer:

• Day 1

By touch: Spongy  

By smell: Oven smell  

By looking through hand lens: Looks fresh  

By colour: Normal

• Day 2

By touch: Soft and spongy  

By smell: Faint smell  

By looking through hand lens: Looks dull.

By colour: Pale

• Day 3

By touch: Soft

By smell: Sour smell

By looking through hand lens: Looks pale.  

By colour: Yellow

• Day 4

By touch: Soft and thin

By smell: Stinking smell.

By looking through hand lens: Looks yellow.  

By colour: Dark yellow spots

• Day 5

By touch: Stiffand thin

By smell: Strong stinking smell.  

By looking through hand lens: Green patches.  

By colour: Green spots

• Day 6

By touch: Stiffand thin

By smell: Bad smell.  

By looking through hand lens: Black patches.  

By colour: Black spots

Find out the reason for these changes. From where did the fungus come on the bread?

Schoolvally answer:

The reason for these changes is food spoilage. The fungus came to the bread from the surrounding air. When the spores of the fungus find favourable conditions like moisture and nutrients they stuck to the surface of the food item and start growing.

Different kinds of food items spoil due to different reasons. Some foods spoil soon, some stay good for long. List some seasons and conditions in which food spoils quickly  

Schoolvally answer:

Some seasons and conditions in which food spoils quickly are:

Summer Season: Vegetables loose their moisture and become dry like twigs. However no fungus is seen on it but, it becomes tasteless and hard to chew.

Monsoon season: When it is hot and humid. Food items provide good ground for growth of micro-organisms. The reason for their spoilage is fungus, bacteria and insects larvae.  

Given below are some food items and some simple methods by which these could be kept fresh for 1-2 days. Match the correct pairs:  

Schoolvally answer:

Milk….. Boil it.   

Cooked rice….. Put in a bowl and keep the bowl in a container with some water.

Green coriander (Dhania) ….. Wrap in a damp cloth.  

Onion, garlic ….. Keep it in a dry open place.  

Write  

Why was sugar and jaggery mixed into the mango pulp and dried in the sun?  

Schoolvally answer:

Sugar and jaggery were mixed into the mango pulpand dried in the sun because of following reason:

To give sweet taste to the mamidi tandra.

To give it some hardness and make it thick.

Why did Appa first choose the most ripe mangoes to be used for making the mamidi tandra?  

Schoolvally answer:

Appa first choose the most ripe mangoes to be used for making the mamidi tandra because the ripe mangoes are sweet and juicy and make best mamidi tandra.

How did the brothers make the mamidi tandra? Write down step-by-step what they did for this.  

Schoolvally answer:

Steps followed by the brothers to make mimadi tandra are as under:

• Step 1: They bought a mat woven from the leaves of a palm tree, poles of casuarina tree, string made of coconut husk, some jaggery and sugar. 
• Step 2: Both the brothers made a high platform by using poles. They spread out and tied the mat on that platform.
• Step 3: They took out the mango pulp into a large pot.
• Step 4: They strained the pulp through a fine muslin cloth, to remove the fibres from the pulp.
• Step 5: They added the jaggery and sugar in equal amounts to the pulp.
• Step 6: In the evening, they covered the mat with a clean saree to avoid any dust on mamidi tandra what was spread by Amma on the mat.
• Step 7: The next day they again took out some mango pulp.
• Step 8: They added jaggery and sugar into the pulp.
• Step 9: Then they spread the pulp over the previous day’s layer and repeated it many times.
• Step 10: The mat was brought down from the platform. Mamidi tandra was cut into smaller pieces.
• Step 11: The brothers tasted Mamidi tandra.         

What things are made in your house from ripe and unripe mangoes?  

Schoolvally answer:

The Things thatare made in my house from ripe and unripe mangoes are as under:  

• Ripe mangoes: Shake, juice, jams and jellies, mamidi tandra.
• Unripe mangoes: Aam panna, pickle, chutney, amchoor powder. 

Make a list of all the different types of pickles that you know about, and share with your friends.  

Schoolvally answer:

(a). Garlic Pickle

(b). Lemon Pickle

(c). Green Chilli Pickle

(d). Amla Pickle

(e). Mango Pickle

(f). Carrot Pickle

Find out and discuss

Is there any kind of pickle made in your house? What kind of pickle is it? Who makes it? From whom did they learn to make the pickle?

Schoolvally answer:

Mango Pickle is made in our house.

It is sour and salty kind of pickle.

My grand-mother makes it.

She learned to make this pickle from her mother.

What all things are needed to make any one type of pickle in your house? How is the pickle made? Find out the recipe and write.

Schoolvally answer:

Ingredients of mango pickle:

Raw Mango pieces, Oil, salt and spices and an air tight glass container.

Mango pickle is usually made from raw mangoes that has under developed seed inside this has perfect enzymatic balance and tangy taste. Recipe of Mango pickle is as under:

• Step 1: Cut them into small pieces of one inch or so.
• Step 2: Add them to a dry bowl, along with red chili powder, mustard powder, salt and lightly crushed garlic.
• Step 3: Pour the oil in an air tight glass container and add this mixture and mix well.

Keep this in Sunlight for 10 days.

Step 4: After 24 to 28 hours, mango pieces will release juices and the consistency of the pickle will change.  

It can be stored for a year in this jar oil and salt acts as a natural preservatives.

How are these things made in your house. • Papad • Chutney • Badiyan • Sauce

Schoolvally answer:

In my house papad, Chutney, Badiyan and Sauce is made in a very simple way the steps are given as under:

Papad:

Papad is made from powdered lentils (gram and urad), flour, and spices. A dough is made with the help of water and then a thin circular sheet is rolled out of this dough, which is latter dried in sun till all the moisture escapes from it.

Chutney:

Thin slices of raw mango are stir fried with onion garlic and other spices till a thick paste is derived, Sugar and salt are added to make it hot spicy and tangy.

Badiyan:

In my house Badiyan is made by urad, which is immersed in water over night and then mashed extra water is strained. Rock salt and granules of spices like cumin seeds, chlli, black pepper and asafoetida are added according to taste after that. Then take small lumps of it and place it on a clean cloth and dry it in the sun light till all the moisture escapes, store in cotton bag for long time.   

Sauce:

Boil tomatoes and peal off its skin and strain it to remove its seeds. Put tomato pulp in a low wide saucepan over high heat. Add salt, olive oil or refined oil, garlic, basil and bay leaf and other spices. Bring to a boil, then lower heat to a brisk simmer. Reduce the sauce by almost half, stirring occasionally, to produce about 2½ cups medium-thick sauce, can be refrigerated and used for a week.  

What we have learnt  

Glass jars and bottles are dried well in the sun before filling them with pickles. Why is this done? Do you remember what happened to the bread in the experiment?

Schoolvally answer:

Glass jars and bottles are dried well in the sun before filling them with pickles this is done in order to make them germs free, as microorganisms like fungus and bacteria die due to heat of the Sun. Hence can not spoil the contents.

Yes, I remember the bread got spoilt due to the growth of fungus and molds.

To eat mangoes round the year we make different items like pickle, aam papad, chutney, chikky, etc. List some other food with which we make different things, so that we can enjoy it throughout the year.  

Schoolvally answer:

Some foods with which we make different things, so that we can enjoy it throughout the year are as under:

• Vegetables: Bringal, Bottle-guard, chillies, mushroom etc. are sun dried for later use. 
• Fish: Small fishes and pwawns etc. are sun dried for later use.
• Murabba: Bollle gourd, amla etc are boiled with sugar and stored for latter use.
• Jaggery gajak and revdi: Sugar cane juice is boiled and to thicken it. It is then dried in shade for some days and latter garnished with sesame seeds or peanut.
• Potato chips: Thin slices of potatoes are deep fried and spices are sprinkled over them before storing them.

 Important Questions 

Discuss  

What things are soaked before cooking in your house? Why?

Schoolvally answer:

Things which are soaked before cooking in my house are as under:
Chana dal, Rajma, Moong dal, sabodana.
These things are socked because soaking them dissolvestheir hard seat coat andmakes them softer and easier to cook. This saves time and fuel while cooking them.

What things do you eat after sprouting? How are they sprouted? How much time does it take?  

Schoolvally answer:

We eat white gram (Chana) and Moong after sprouting.
For sprouting these seeds do the following steps:

Step1. soaked them in water overnight.

Step2. Next day drain this water and wrap them in a wet cloth and hung so that they get proper water and air.

Step3. Keep sprinkling some water on the cloth if if find it dry.

It takes about three to four days i.e. 36−48 hours to sprout.

Has the doctor or someone you know ever told you to eat sprouts? Why?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, when I had typhoid fever last year, I turned thin and week, doctor advised me to take sprouts.  

The health benefits of sprouts include improved digestion of both carbohydrates and proteins.  

Improved digestion of both carbohydrates and proteins.

The reason is that sprouts are rich in vitamin A. B and K, rich in minerals zinc, calcium, manganese, and copper and Power Packed with Protein.  

Do this and find out  

Observe after two days and note the changes in the bowls.  

Bowl 1  

Are the seeds getting air?  

No  

Are the seeds getting water?  

Yes

What changes did you see?

Seeds Swelled up  

Have the seeds sprouted?

No

Bowl 2  

Are the seeds getting air?  

Yes  

Are the seeds getting water?  

Yes

What changes did you see?

Sprouting started  

Have the seeds sprouted?

Yes

Bowl 3  

Are the seeds getting air?  

Yes  

Are the seeds getting water?  

No

What changes did you see?

No change seen  

Have the seeds sprouted?

No

Tell and write

In which bowl did the seeds sprout? What difference did you see between this bowl and the other bowls?

Schoolvally answer:

• In bowl-2, the seeds got both air and water and hence, the seeds sprouted,
• In bowl-1, these got only water but no air so in absence of air they dis not sprout.  
• In bowl-3 seeds did not got any air or water hence these did not sprout. 

Why did Gopal’s mother tie the gram (chana) in a damp cloth?  

Schoolvally answer:

Gopal's mother tied the chana in a damp cloth, because she wanted to make sure that the chana seeds get proper moisture which is essential for sprouting. 

Draw

Look carefully at your sprouted chana and make its drawing?  

Schoolvally answer:

Sketch

Write  

Name of the seed: ___Kidney beans___

The date on which you planted them: ___15/05/2021____  

The day you observe something coming out of the soil, start filling the table:

Schoolvally answer:

Date: 20/05/2021

Height of the plant (in cm): 1 cm

Number of leaves: Nil

Any other change seen: germination started  

Date: 21/05/2021

Height of the plant (in cm): 1.5cm

Number of leaves: 2 dicotyledons leaves

Any other change seen, Thickening of stem seen  

Date: 22/05/2021

Height of the plant (in cm): 2 cm

Number of leaves: 2 dicotyledons leaves.

Any other change seen: New tiny leaves opening.  

Date: 23/05/2021

Height of the plant (in cm): 4 cm

Number of leaves: 2 Young leaves and 2 dicotyledons leaves

Any other change seen:  Thickening of stem seen with dark green colour.

Find out  

How long did it take for the plant to come out from the soil?

Schoolvally answer:

I took 5 days, for a plant to come out of the soil.

What was the difference in the height of the plant on the first and second day?

Schoolvally answer:

The difference in height was 0.5 cm

On which day did the height of the plant increase the most?

Schoolvally answer:

4th day

Did new leaves come out of the plant every day?

Schoolvally answer:

No, new leaves did not come of the plant every day.

Was there any change in the stem of the plant?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, the colour of the stem was deepening and the girth increasing.

Discuss

Which seeds took the most number of days for the stem to come out of the soil?

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds of Sesame, took the most number of days for the stem to come out of the soil.

Which seeds took the least days to come out of the soil?

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds of mustard, took the least days to come out of the soil.

Which seeds did not grow at all? Why?

Schoolvally answer:

Almond seeds did not grow at all, probably because the soil and conditions where not favourable.

Did anyone’s plant dry up or turn yellow? Why did this happen?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, Sohan plant dry up as he kept the pant in room and did not water the plant.

What would happen if the plants do not get water?  

Schoolvally answer:

In the absence of water the plants will dry up turn yellow and eventually die.

Straight from your heart

What is inside the seed?

Schoolvally answer:

A seed contains cotyledons and an embryo inside it.  

How does a big plant grow from a tiny seed?

Schoolvally answer:

The seed absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. With the action on enzymes the germination gets initiated, A seed already contains cotyledons and an embryo inside it. The cotyledons leaves come out off seed coat and acts as initial leave and do the photo-synthesis and grows into a big plant.

Think and imagine

What would happen if plants could walk? Draw a picture.  

Schoolvally answer:

If plant could walk, they would them selves go to water bodies and choose soil which is rich in nutrients and would prefer places with good sunlight.

If, some one would try to eat then or pluck flowers they would run.

Sketch

Find out

Do some plants grow without seeds?  

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, some plants like Potatoes, roses, Onion and marigold etc. can grow without seeds, through the method such as budding.

So many Seeds

Make a seed chart to put up in the class. You can start with a table like this.  

Schoolvally answer:

(a) Name of the seed: Rajma

Colour: Reddish brown  

Shape (draw): Sketch 

Texture: Smooth  

(b) Name of the seed: Chana (gram)

Colour: Off white

Shape (draw): Sketch 

Texture: Some what smooth.  

(c) Name of the seed: Moong   

Colour: Green

Shape (draw): Sketch 

Texture: Smooth  

(d) Name of the seed: Sesame  

Colour: White

Shape (draw): Oval

Texture: Smooth  

(e) Name of the seed : Mango

Colour: White

Shape (draw): Oval  

Texture: Coarse  

(f) Name of the seed: Okra  

Colour: Black

Shape (draw): Spherical  

Texture: Some what smooth.  

Think

Did you keep aniseed (saunf ) and cumin (jeera) in your list?

Schoolvally answer:

No, I did not keep aniseed and cumin in my list.

Which was the smallest seed and which was the biggest seed in your collection?

Schoolvally answer:

Sesame was the smallest seed and mange was the biggest seed in my list.

Make lists of:

Seeds that are used as spices in your home.

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds used as spices in our home are as underL

Cumin Seeds (jeera) , fenugreek (methi) , aniseed or fennel (saunf), mustard (sarsoon).

Seeds of vegetables.

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds of vegetables are as under:

Peas, Onion, cucumber. lady finger, tomato.  

Seeds of fruits.

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds of fruits are as under:  

Apple, water melon, musk melon, mango papaya, almond and pumpkin.

Light seeds (check by blowing them).

Schoolvally answer:

Light seeds are as under:  

Mustard, cumin, aniseed, cotton etc.  

Seeds which are flat.

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds which are flat are as under:

Pumpkin, water melon, cucumber, musk melon, apple etc.

Make more groups. How many groups of seeds did you make?

Schoolvally answer:

I can make the following five more groups of seeds:

(a) Edible seeds that can be eaten like Almond, walnut.

(b) Seeds from which oil can be extracted. Coconut, mustard, olive.

(c) Seeds which are spherical in shape like Okra, peas, gram (channa) etc.

(d) Seeds with rough seed coat like Mango, Bitter guard, walnut.

(e) Seeds which are cylindrical in shape like dates.

(f) Seeds which are bitter in taste like chili, Coriander (dhaniya)

Do you know any games that you can play with seeds? Discuss with your friends.  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, We play whistling with mango seed and we play gitte with tamarind  seeds.

Wandering seeds

Have you ever seen any seed that can fly?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen cotton seeds flying.

What is it called in your area?

Schoolvally answer:

It is called Narma.

Look at your seed collection. Guess how many of those could have travelled by flying.  

Schoolvally answer:

When a pod busts the seeds are scattered to some distances, like in case of okra it seems that the seeds have travelled by flying, I have seen light weight seeds like sesame are pushed to large distances by wind, so I guess these could have travelled by flying.

Look at the pictures given below and guess how the seeds travel and reach different places.

Schoolvally answer:

1. Animals carry them. Eg. acorn seeds by Squirrel

2. Birds carry them. Eg. wheat seeds by Sparrow

3. Water currents carries them. Eg. Coconut seeds by Oceans.

Some plants spread their seeds over long distances. When the soyabean pods are ripe, they burst and the seeds are thrown out. Have you ever heard their sound?

Schoolvally answer:

No, I have never heard their sound.  

Think what would happen, if seeds did not spread and remained at one place only.

Schoolvally answer:

If the seeds did not spread and remained at one place only then all of them would compete for water and minerals under the mother plant they will not get enough nutrition and will not grow properly.  

Make a list of the different ways by which seeds are spread.

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds are spread by following different ways given as under:  

By wind Eg. Cotton and dandelions seeds  

By water Eg. coconut

By birds Eg. Rice and Wheat

By animals Eg Galium (catchweed) and acorns 

By humans  Eg Pumpkin and Tomato

Who came from where 

What came from other countries?  

Schoolvally answer:

Following came from other countries:

Tomato, potato, and green chilly from South America.

Cabbage from Europe

Pea, coffee bean, and Okra from Africa.

Mango, orange, banana, radish,  Fenugreek (methi), brinjal, spinach are from India.    

What we have learnt

Reena has drawn this picture of the seed sprouted by her. What do you think the seeds need for sprouting? Write in your own words. How would Reena’s seeds look if they did not get the things needed. Show by drawing a picture.

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds need air and water and minerals from soil for sprouting. Reena’s seeds would have looked as it was as if it had not sprouted due to the absence of air or water. The would have been no sign of germination.

How do seeds spread to far off places? Write in your own words.

Schoolvally answer:

Seeds spread to far off places by birds, animals, air and water and most importantly by humans. Birds and animals pick fruits from one place and throw out seeds after eating the fruit at a different place. Thus the seeds spread out. Some light seeds are spread out by wind that have special structures that help them to float in air and travel. Fruits like coconut fall on beach and ride on tides to long distances.

Humans are important dispersal agents, Human buy fruits and vegetables from long distances and throw the seeds and peel as waste near their house, hence spread the seeds.

 Important Questions 

Observe and find out

Look at the area around your school. Are there any fields, farms, pucca roads, drains, etc. Is the area sloping, rocky or flat? Think, what will happen here when it rains? Where will the rain water go – into the drains, pipes or pits? Is some water also getting soaked into the soil?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, there are fields, pucca roads and drains around my school. But there are no farms.  

The area is not sloping it is flat.  

When it will rain, the rain water will goes into the drains and from there it will to the city river.  

Yes, the water that gets trapped in the potholes will get soaked in the soil, ans the water form fields and empty plots will get socked in to the soil.

Drop-by-drop  

Have you ever faced a shortage of water in your area? If yes, then what was the reason for it? Talk to your grandmother or any elderly person. Find out, when they were of your age:

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, in summers we always face storage of water in our area. During summer the house hold consumption of water is more that creates shortage and other reason is that the density of population is increasing every year.

When my grandmother was of my age, there was scarcity of water, as the capacity of water station and water treatment plant was not adequate at that time.    

From where did they get water for the house? Has there been a change now?

Schoolvally answer:

There was tap in their house. No there has been no change.

What kind of water arrangements were made for travellers – for example piau, mashak (leather bag) or any other? Now what do people do about water when they travel?

Schoolvally answer:

Now, a days the travellers buy packaged drinking water and there are cold water cooler installed at many places like railway stations, bus stands, etc.

Customs related to water   

Can we even imagine life without water?  

Schoolvally answer:

No, we can not imagine life without water, Life of plant. animals and humans is dependent on water, we depend on water for our day to day domestic use like drinking, bathing, cleaning, agriculture and for industrial purposes also. Water is most important for us.

Have you ever seen any beautiful building near the place of water? Where?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen a beautiful resting place near the place of water, near the fort in our area.

Find out  

Is there a lake, well or stepwell near your house or school? Visit it and find out more about it.  

How old is it? Who got it built?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, there are many lakes and wells near our house, The name of the lake is Mansar. History of Mansar is of the time of Mahabharata. It was built be Bbruvahana son of Arjuna and Ulpi with his arrow.

What kinds of buildings are around it?

Schoolvally answer:

There is famous Sheshnag and other temple there.

Is the water clean? Is it cleaned regularly?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, the water is clean and is cleaned regularly.

Who all use the water?

Schoolvally answer:

The water is used by near by villagers and devotees take a holy dip in the water of the lake on festive occasions.

Is there any festival celebrated at this place?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, Baisakhi festival is celebrated at this place.

Is there any water today, or is it dry?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, there is plenty of water in the lake today and also aquatic life can be seen in it.

Discuss

There are two old wells in the area where Punita lives. Her grandmother says that about fifteen – twenty years ago there was water in these wells. The wells could have dried up because:

(a) Water is being pumped up from under the ground, with the help of electric motors.

(b) The lakes in which rain water used to collect are no longer there.

(c) The soil around trees and parks is now covered with cement.

(d) Is there some other reason for this? Explain.

Schoolvally explanation:

All the options are correct, but most appropriate reason could be:

(b) The lakes in which rain water used to collect are no longer there.

Other reasons is due to climate change there could be less rains in the area. One more reason could be that many of the rivers/streams/Barsati nallah have dried or have changed their routes.

Discuss

Everyone has the right to live. Yet, is everybody getting enough water to live or even water to drink?  

Schoolvally answer:

No, not everyone is getting enough clean water to drink.  

Why is it that some people have to buy drinking water?  

Schoolvally answer:

Some people have to buy drinking water as they do not get enough water through the municipal Jal board.  

Should it be like this?  

Schoolvally answer:

No, it should not be like this, Every one should have access to clean drinking water.

Water on this earth is for one and all. Some people draw out water from the ground by deep bore wells. How far is it correct?  

Schoolvally answer:

This is a mal-practice and should be stopped. This is not correct it depletes the underground water level and effects huge population.

Have you ever seen this? Why do some people put a pump directly in the Jal Board pipe line?

Yes, I have seen many people doing this in my neighbourhood. Some people put a pump directly in the Jal Board pipe line to pull more water from the water line.  

What problems would other people face due to this? Do you have any such experience?  

Schoolvally answer:

Due to this, other people do not get adequate supply of drinking water and the pressure of water is reduced drastically.

Look at this bill and tell

From which office has this bill come?

Schoolvally answer:

This bill has come from Delhi Jal Board.  

Do you get a water bill at home? Find out from where it is sent?

Schoolvally answer:

No, we do not get a water bill at home. It is generated annually and we have to go to Jal board office and collect it from there.

The bill is sent from the water supply department of our city.  

Why do you think Dilli Sarkar (Government of Delhi) is written under Delhi Jal Board?

Schoolvally answer:

Delhi Sarkar (Government of Delhi) is written under Delhi Jal Board as it is owned by Delhi government and run under their authority. People working there are government employees.

In whose name is the bill? How much money do they have to pay for each month?

Schoolvally answer:

The bill is in the name of Mohamed Umar and Dr. Mohamed Shoaib. They have to pay a sum of three hundred sixty eight rupees only.  

Do you have to pay for water? How much? Is the rate of water different in different colonies? Ask your elders.  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, we have to pay for water. We pay Rs. 3000 per year for this. No, the rate of water is same in different colonies.

It can be done

Have you ever read this kind of news in any newspaper? How did people solve their problem of water? Did they repair and reuse any old lake or stepwell?  

Yes, I have read such news in local newspaper. I have read this kind of incident happened in a small  village in Madhya Pradesh. Locals their repaired and restored an old dried-up lake for collecting rainwater. They also planted a number of trees around the village. This helped them to fulfil their water requirement.

What we have learnt  

Make a poster: Do you remember the slogan – “Water on earth is for one and all.” Think of some other such slogans. Draw pictures and make a nice poster.  

Schoolvally answer:

Sketch

Bring a water bill, look at it and tell –  

Schoolvally answer:

This bill is from__01/04/2020__date to__31/03/2021_date. 

How much money is to be paid for this bill?

Schoolvally answer:

A sum of Rs. 3000/- is to be paid.

What else can you see in the bill, like the money spent on repair, maintenance etc.?

Schoolvally answer:

On the bill we see details like name of the person, Address of the person, Mobile Number of the person, consumer ID, Water connection number and subdivision name etc. are seen on the bill.  

No, details for the repair, maintenance etc. are seen on the bill.

 Important Questions 

Think what would happen if

Ayesha put a puffed puri in a bowl of water. Would it sink or float?  

Schoolvally answer:

It would float because it is puffed and has an air pocket in it.

You put a steel plate on water. Would it sink or float? What would happen to a spoon?  

Schoolvally answer:

The steel plate would float on water due to buoyancy. The spoon will float because it is heavier than the water it displaces and also the buoyant force is not strong to make it float.

Would the cap of a plastic bottle sink or float on water?

Schoolvally answer:

The cap of a plastic bottle will float on the water because it is lighter than the weight of water it displaces.

Mark [✓] for the things that float. Mark [✕] for those that sink.  

Schoolvally answer:

(a) Empty bowl (katori) [✓]

(b) After putting in 6-7 small pebbles, one-by-one Iron nail or pin Matchstick [✕]

Iron nail or pin [✕]

Matchstick [✓]

(a) Empty plastic bottle with its lid closed [✓] 

(b) bottle half-filled with water [✓]

(c) Bottle full of water [✕]

Aluminium foil (from medicine packing)  

(a) open and spread out [✓]

(b) pressed tightly into a ball  

(c) in a cup-like shape [✓]

(a) Soap cake [✕]

(b) Soap cake on a small plastic plate [✓]

A piece of ice [✓]

Find out from the other groups which things floated and which sank in the water?  

After doing the experiment, fill in the blanks.  

Schoolvally answer:

1. The iron nail _sink__ in water but the katori _will float_. I think this happened because ____because of the portion of surface area in contact with water for nail was less and for katori was more______

2. The empty plastic bottle __floated__ on water. The bottle filled with water __sank__ because __it became heavy_

3. The aluminium foil __floated__ when it was spread out. When pressed tightly into a ball it ___sank__. This may have happened because ____because of the portion of surface area in contact with water earlier was more, but when crushed it was reduced___

Take some water in a glass. Put a lemon in it. Now keep putting salt in the water, half-a-spoon at a time. Were you able to float your lemon in water?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I was able to float my float lemon in water as salt increased the density of water after adding 10 spoons of salt.  

What do you think, the lemon floated in salty water, because...…

Schoolvally answer:

I think the lemon floated in water because salt addition increased the density of water, as the result the displaced water became heavier than the weight of lemon. Hence, it started floating in water latter.  

Do this experiment  

Observe what happens and note in the table.  

Schoolvally answer:

1. Salt:

Did it dissolve or not?

Yes, it dissolved in water.

What happened after keeping for 2 minutes?

It mixed completely in water.  

2. Soil

Did it dissolve or not?

No, it did not dissolve in water.

What happened after keeping for 2 minutes? 

It settled down in the bottom of the glass.

3. Chalk powder

Did it dissolve or not?  

It dissolved partially, not completely.

What happened after keeping for 2 minutes?  

It started settling down in the bottom of glass.

4. 1 spoon milk

Did it dissolve or not?

Yes, it dissolved in water.

What happened after keeping for 2 minutes?

It mixed completely in water.  

5. Oil

Did it dissolve or not?

No, it did not dissolve in water.  

What happened after keeping for 2 minutes?  

It started floating on the surface of water.  

Tell

Could you see the salt after it dissolved in water? If no, why?

Schoolvally answer:

No, I could not see the salt after it dissolved in water, because salt is completely soluble in water. and it did not change/effect the colour of the water.   

Does that mean that now the water does not have salt? If it has, then where is the salt?

Schoolvally answer:

No, it does not mean that, now the water does not have salt in it. It means that the salt has been completely dissolved in water even without causing any change in colour of the water.

The salt is very much there in the water we can find it only if we taste it.  

What difference did you see – in the water with salt, and the water with chalk powder – after keeping for sometime?

Schoolvally answer:

The difference that we see is that salt is completely soluble in water and did not settle down on the bottom after some time. There was no change in the colour of the water.  

The chalk powder is partially soluble in water and settles down at the bottom after some time. The was change in the colour of water it turned whitish.

Which of the two would you be able to separate from the water by straining with a cloth – salt or chalk powder?  

Schoolvally answer:

Out of the two, I would be able to separate chalk powder from the water by straining with a cloth.

Do you think the oil got dissolved in the water? Why do you think so?

Schoolvally answer:

No, I don’t think the oil got dissolved in water as it got collected on the surface of water, formed a layer and started floating.

Racing drop  

You also try to do the same and then tell – which drop went ahead? Why did it slide faster?  

Schoolvally answer:

The drop of water went ahead. It slide faster because of its lowest density among the three substances. As we know that the thinner the solution faster is its pace.

Where did the water go?  

Think where did the water go?

Schoolvally answer:

The water went to the atmosphere and got mixed with the air in the surrounding, This process is called evaporation.

Why did Chittibabu and Chinnababu keep their mango jelly in the sun?

Schoolvally answer:

Chittibabu and Chinnababu kept their mango jelly in the sun to dry it. As we know the sun gives both heat and light the moisture in the mango jelly will get evaporated means it will change into vapours and mix with the surrounding air.

At your house, what things are made by drying in the sun?  

Schoolvally answer:

In my house many things are made by drying in the sun like papad, badiyan and sevian.

What we have learnt

You have washed your handkerchief and you want to dry it quickly. What all can you do?

Schoolvally answer:

I can spread it in sun after squeezing it.

I can use a hot iron to dry it up.

Both ways will dry the handkerchief by changing the water (present as moisture) into water vapours and sending them up in air.

What things do you put in water to make tea? Which of those things dissolves in water?

Schoolvally answer:

To make tea, we put sugar, milk and tea leaves in water. Out of these three only sugar and milk dissolves in water. Tea leaves does not dissolve in water and are strained using a sieve while pouring in pyalli before drinking.

You have been given some mishri pieces (lumps of sugar). Suggest some ways to dissolve them quickly.  

One way to dissolve them quickly is to boil them in water other less effective way could be grinding it into fine powder and thenmix in water

 Important Questions 

Find out 

Do you know anyone who has had malaria?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, one of my cousin brother once suffered from malaria.  

How did they find out that they had malaria?

Schoolvally answer:

He had the symptoms like high fever with chills, body ache and vomiting. He was taken to hospital post medical check-up he was diagnosed with malaria.

What problems did they have on having malaria?

Schoolvally answer:

Problems they have on having malaria are as under:

High fever with chills.

Body ache.

Vomiting.

Restlessness.

What other diseases can be caused by mosquito bites?

Schoolvally answer:

Diseases that can be caused by mosquito bites are as under:

Dengue, chikungunya, elephantiasis and yellow fever can be caused by mosquito bites.  

In which season is malaria more common? Why do you think this happens?

Schoolvally answer:

Malaria is common in the monsoon season, this happens because water logging is common in these days, which provide suitable breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

What do you do in your house to protect yourself from mosquitoes? Also find out from your friends about what they do.  

Schoolvally answer:

We take following measures to protect over selves from mosquitoes:

(a) We keep our surroundings neat and clean and ensure no water logging happens.

(b) We spray medicines in open ditches and corners.

(c) We use mosquito-net at night and burn mosquito coils.

Some of my friends also use mosquito repent liquids.  

Look at the report of the blood test given here. Which words in the report help us to know that the person has malaria?  

Schoolvally answer:

Words which help us to know that the person has malaria are as under:

“Malarial Parasite Found in Blood Sample.”

Look at Aarti’s blood report and find out the minimum required haemoglobin?

Schoolvally answer:

As per the report the  minimum required haemoglobin level in the blood is 12 gm/dl.  

How much did Aarti's haemoglobin go up and how long did it take for that?

Schoolvally answer:

As per the report Aarti’s haemoglobin has changes from 8 gm/dl to 10.5 gm/dl, which means it increased by 2.5 gm/dl, and it took three months for that.  

What does the newspaper report say about the problems caused by anaemia?

Schoolvally answer:

The newspaper report says that anaemia affects both the physical and mental health of children affected with it. They do not show normal growth and their energy levels are also low. This also affects their ability to study properly.  

Have you or anyone in your family ever needed to get a blood test? When and why?  

What was found out by the blood test?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, once I needed to get a blood test. When I had high fever, doctor wanted to know the cause of my repetitive fever symptom, hence advised me a blood test.

From the blood test report name of the parasite was found. Words which help us to know that the I have typhoid are as under:  

“Typhoid Parasite- staphylococcus typhi found in Blood Sample.”

Have you had a health check up in your school? What did the doctor tell you?

Yes, every year we have health check up in our school. The doctor said that I was fit and healthy.  

Find out

Ask a doctor or elders about the food items which contain iron.   

Schoolvally answer:

The food items that contain iron are as under:

(a) Meat, fish and poultry

(b) Spinach, beans and peas

(c) Apple, Apricots and raisins

(d) Seafood.

Find out and tell

Have you seen any poster like this put up anywhere?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen such posters on the boundary walls of a Hospitals.

Who do you think puts up such posters, or gives ads in the newspapers?

Schoolvally answer:

The government put such posters and give ads in the newspapers. This is done to spread awareness among people and keep them informed.

What are some of the important points given in the poster?

Schoolvally answer:

Important points given in the poster are as under:

(a) Names of diseases spread by mosquitoes.  

(b) Precaution that can be taken to prevent growth of mosquitoes.

(c) How to protect our selves for mosquito byte.

Why do you think pictures of a tank, cooler and pits are shown in the poster? Think

Schoolvally answer:

Pictures of tank, cooler and pits are shown in the poster to make people aware that these are the places where water can stagnate and promote breeding of mosquitoes.

Think 

Why do you think it talks about putting fish in the tank? What do you think the fish eats?

Schoolvally answer:

It talks about putting fish in the tank as fishes will eat larvae of mosquito and stop malaria from spreading.

What will happen when oil is spread on the water?  

Schoolvally answer:

When oil is spread on water it forms a layer on water and prevents the oxygen supply to the larvae larvae finds it hard to breathe and die.  

Find out

Which diseases are spread by flies and how?   

Schoolvally answer:

Diseases that are spread by flies are dysentery, cholera and typhoid. These diseases are spread when the disease causing germs are carried by the flies.

House flies sit on infected feces and carry diseases germs on their legs and the small hairs that cover their bodies. When they sit of human food it contaminates it and spread them. When human eats this contaminated food he fall ill and the process continues.   

Mosquito check  

Pot ___[✓]____  

Cooler __[✕]__  

Tank __[✕]__  

Any open space in the school ground __[✓]__  

Gutter Any other place __[✓]__  

Schoolvally answer:

Since how many days has water collected there?  

____Two days____

Who is responsible for keeping these places clean? 

____Sweeper_____

Who is supposed to get the gutters and drains repaired? 

____Municipality____

Can any larvae be seen in the collected water? 

____No_____

Has it caused any problem in the area? Write. 

____No______  

But, we should keep our area clean and does not let water to log any where and also the drains and gutter should be covered to prevent any epidemic.

Make a poster  

In your group, make a poster with a message to keep the cooler, tank, drains and the area clean (wherever water collects). Put up your poster in and around your school.

Schoolvally answer:

Sketch

Find out who is responsible for keeping the area around your school clean. Write a letter from your class, reporting your findings and suggestions. Find out to whom the letter should be written and to which office it should be sent.  

Schoolvally answer:

The Municipal corporation or the village panchayat is responsible for getting the gutters and drains repaired.

To  

The Municipal commissioner,

Dwarka, Delhi.

Sub: “Repair of over flowing drains and open gutter”

Sir,

We have learned in our E.V.S. Book, about how communicable diseases are spread. Since this is start of monsoon, but we can see that there are water filled potholes, pots and water coolers in government buildings, This provide a heaven for mosquitoes breeding, Mosquitoes spread malaria and can make us ill. Also we have found that there are over flowing drains and open pit in our city, House flies carry infection from there and sits on our food when we eat our lunch, This can cause serious disease like dysentery, cholera and typhoid.

Kindly, start the repair work as soon as possible and save the city from epidemic this year.

Thanking- You,

Schoolvally

Class -VB

Great Taxila School

Dwarka, Delhi.

Tell  

Can you see algae in or around the water?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I can see algae in or around the water.  

Where else have you seen algae?

Schoolvally answer:

I have seen algae on the boundary wall of school and piyou (Water coolers) and on the surface of city lake.

Are there plants growing on the side or in water? Find out their names. Draw some of these in your note book.

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, there are some small plants growing on the side like china grass and in the water we can see water hyacinth.

Do you think these were planted by someone or did they grow on their own?  

Schoolvally answer:

No I don’t think these were planted by someone they grow on their own.

What else can you see in water? Make a list.  

I can see frogs, mosquito larvae and tiny insects floating in water.  

What we have learnt  

What can you do so that mosquitoes do not breed in your house, school and neighbourhood?

Schoolvally answer:

We can prevent the breeding of mosquito by following ways:

(a) By stopping water logging in the Flower pots, empty bins/bottles and old tyres etc.

(b) Spraying kerosene oil, phenyl in potholes, drains and pits.

(c) Cleaning the coolers and water tanks regularly.

(d) Growing fishes in nearby ponds and lakes if any.  

How can you find out if someone has malaria?  

Schoolvally answer:

If some has malaria he will show following symptoms:

(a) High fever with chills.

(b) Body ache.

(c) Nausea and Vomiting.

Finally, we can examine his blood for the presence of pathogen named - ‘plasmodium vivax’, This is the malarial parasite hence we can say that the person has malaria

Malaria can be fully treated with chloroquine tablets.

 Important Questions 

• Tell

Have you ever seen the mountains? Have you also climbed a mountain? When and where?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I have seen mountains.  

Yes, I have also climbed a mountain.  

I have climbed a mountain during my visit to ‘Mata vaishno devi shrine’ which is on ‘Trikuta hills’ in Jammu.

How far have you walked at one time? How far can you walk?  

Schoolvally answer:  

I have walked 12 Km at one time. I can walk 15 Km one time. 

• Imagine  

What do you think about the paths on the mountains? Draw a picture

Schoolvally answer:

Paths are mountains are up-ward sloping, down word sloping and in zigzag shape.

Sketch

• Tell

What do you think about the responsibilities of a group leader?

Schoolvally answer:  

I think the responsibilities of a group leader are:

(a) Supervisory: It is responsibility of group leader is supervise the activities of team.

(b) Care taker: It is responsibility of group leader to take care of each member of the group.

(c) Mentor: It is responsibility of group leader to guide and teach the members right techniques and code of conduct and maintain discipline among team.

Guiding all members to the right path

How would you feel if you were made a leader in such a camp?

Schoolvally answer:

I will feel very happy and inspired.   

What does a monitor in your class have to do?

Schoolvally answer:  

The monitor in our class has to do the following:
(a) Maintain the discipline of the class and see all the students are going their work quietly when teacher is not there.
(b) Collect home work notebooks and keep them on teachers table.  

(c) Ensure black board is clean, duster is there and there are enough chalks, notice board is updated etc.
(d) Bring-up the issues of the students to teachers.

(e) Help teachers in preparing students list for functions and other activities etc.  

Would you like to be the class monitor? Why?  

Schoolvally answer:  

I will feel very happy and inspired to be one, because it is a challenging task and brings some thing new each day. I think, I have all the qualities like obedience, sincerity, responsibility and team sprit so I will be good monitor.

Find out and write

What kinds of tools are needed for climbing mountains?

Schoolvally answer:  

Tools needed for climbing are as under:

(a) Pegs or ‘pitons’.

(b) Rope and sling.

(c) Stick and snow shoes.

(d) Axe and knife.

(e) Oxygen cylinder etc.

Have you ever seen a hook and rope being used for anything else? Where?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, hook and rope is used to catch fishes, I have seen it Assam. In my home, I use it to fix a bag with my cycle carrier.   

What else can we use if we want to cross a river in the mountains?

Schoolvally answer:  

We can use a log of wood as a bridge, if we want to cross a river in the mountains.

Why do we need extra energy on the mountains?

Schoolvally answer:  

We need extra energy on the mountains, because we have to climb upward, hence our muscles have to work more so they need extra energy.  

Have you ever heard of anyone who has done something adventurous? What?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, My cousin once went to mountain cliff along with his telescope for star gazing.

Have you ever done anything adventurous? If yes, tell your class. Write about it in your own words.

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I became curious after reading about birds in a book, so to learn more I climbed on large tree in the forest to see the nest of birds. I saw nest of a sparrows and weavers bird there.

I saw what all birds have in their nest like feathers, cotton, dried leaves, twigs and grass, I saw there are all types of nests big and small both. But all the nests were perfectly circular in shape. I wonder how do they measure and make it? Birds also decorate their nests with shining toffee wrappers.

It was very adventures.

• Tell 

Have you ever climbed a tree? How did you feel? Were you scared? Did you ever fall?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I climbed a tree last year to see birds nest there. I felt very excited.  

Yes, I was scared in the beginning.  

Yes, when I jumped from the tree, I lost my balance on touching ground.

Have you ever seen someone climb a small wall? What do you think is the difference between climbing a wall and climbing a high rock?  

Yes, many a time children in the park climb the boundary wall to go across and get the cricket ball. There is a great difference climbing a wall and climbing a high rock. Rock climbing needs training and preparation both mental and physical and it could be dangerous to fall form a rock, however climbing a wall is easy and fun.

• Tell

Is there anyone in your class whose language you do not understand, or who does not understand yours? What do you do in such a case?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, there is a South Indian in my class I do not understand his language and he does not understand ours. We communicate in English language with him.

Have you ever lost your way? What did you do then?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I had lost my way once in the Zoo. It was very big and was like a small jungle. I asked one of the care takers about the way to entrance gate. I went there and remembered where our teachers were sitting and joined them.

Why do you think Khondonbi would have sung loudly?

Schoolvally answer:  

I think Khondonbi would have sung loudly, so that other group members could listen and find her easily, because they had lost their way and got separated from their group.  

Have you ever seen someone doing something special to get over their fear? What and when?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I have seen my friend in neighbourhood over eating to get over his fear during examination days.  

• Try  

Ask your friend for a book without speaking. Try to explain something to the class in the same way.   

Schoolvally answer:  

I opened and closed my hands a few times in font of him, he could guess that I wanted a book.  

I tried to explain to the class that today I forgot to clean my teeth and I was successful in explaining the incident with my actions. I rubbed my teeth with fore-finger and then shook my hand. After that I pointed my finger down wards a couple of times.  

• Discuss

Why do you think a drain was dug around the tent?

Schoolvally answer:  

A drain was dug around the tent to trap, insects and snakes etc.

Besides mountaineering, what are other activities that can be called adventurous? Why?

Schoolvally answer:

Besides mountaineering, other activities like horse riding, para gliding or catching a fish could be adventurous. All these activities need the person to control his fear or anxiety. It rushes adrenaline in the blood which is very exciting and in the end when the task it over it brings a lot a satisfaction. 

• Imagine and Write

You are on a mountain. How do you feel there? What can you see? What do you feel like doing there?  

Schoolvally answer:  

If I am on a mountain I will feel very joyous and excited. I can see the high snow covered peaks on a clear sunny day right across my sight. There would be lush green fields and birds chirping every where. I feel like camping there for some days and do star gazing at night and discover new planets.

• Think

Why did Bachhendri put up the Indian flag on the peak?

Schoolvally answer:  

Bachhendri put up the Indian flag on the peak, in order to honour the county who gave her the opportunity.

When have you seen our national flag being hoisted? Collect information of our national flag.

Schoolvally answer:  

I have seen our national flag being hoisted many times mainly during our national festivals like Independence Day, Republic Day and Gandhi jayanti celebrations. I have seen it in our schools functions and in the municipal parks during speech of politicians.

Our National flag is called ‘Tricolour’. It has three colours in it which means as:   

(a) Saffron colour, indicating the strength and courage of the country.  

(b) The white middle band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra.  

(c) The last band is green in colour shows the fertility and growth.

Make groups of 6-8 children. Design a flag for your group. Explain why you chose that design.

Schoolvally answer:  

I will design a flag with birds and a book, this will signifies nature and learning from nature.

Have you seen the flag of any other country? Where?   

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I have seen flags of many countries. I have seen it on television, books and website.

What we have learnt

Explain why it can be adventerous and challenging to climb a mountain. How would you prepare if you were to climb a mountain? What would you take with you? Write in your own words.  

Schoolvally answer:  

It will be adventerous and challenging to climb a mountain, because we will see many new species of birds, animals and plants also cooking and eating outdoor will be like picnic. Walking on the zigzag path will be adventerous. At the same time it will be very challenging as one needs to push his limits and overcome fear of insects, height and dangerous animal, who can always be there anytime as an unwelcome guest.

 Important Questions 

Think  

Why were bastions made in the fort wall?  

Schoolvally answer:  

The bastions were made in the fort wall, to see the enemy army from some distance and safeguard the fort from them.  

Why were big holes made in them?  

Schoolvally answer:  

Big holes were made in them to increase the viewing area also they can aim their weapons through them easily big holes enables flexible aiming.   

What difference would be there if you were to look from a straight flat wall or a bastion at a height? How would the soldiers find peeping from the holes in the bastions useful while attacking?   

Schoolvally answer:

Through a straight wall we can look in one direction only, but from a bastion one can see distant targets from several directions. Bastions surely provides a security shield to the fort.

Soldiers find peeping from the holes in the bastions useful while attacking because this gives them height advantage, they can see the number of soldiers in the enemy army, there weapons, watch their actions and then plan their attack. 

• Think and discuss  

How would the fountains have worked?

Schoolvally answer:  

Fountains would have worked with the help of the water supply from the large reservoir tanks.

What arrangements would have been made in the building for air and light?

Schoolvally answer:  

Large doors, large windows and lattice screen (jaali pattern carved with hammer and chisel) would have been made to allow air and light enter the building.  

Look carefully at the picture of the beautiful carving on the wall. What kind of tools would have been used for such fine carving?

Schoolvally answer:

Chisel of many sizes and shapes and hammer made up of iron or bronze would have been used for such fine carving.  

We still do not have any electricity at many places in our country. Even at places which do have electricity, imagine what would happen if there was no electricity for one week. What are the things that would be difficult to manage without it?  

Schoolvally answer:

If there was no electricity for one week, our life will come to a halt as all most all the appliances in house like oven, fridge, A.C, iron, fan, T.V, computers and lights etc. work on electricity.

We will not have water in taps as water pumps will not work. All charging dependent devices like mobiles and electric cars will be useless transport and communication will stop.  

We are greatly dependent on them it will be difficult to manage basic daily activities like cleaning and cooking.

• Tell and write  

Look carefully at the map of Golconda. On the map, arrows show all the four directions.  

Schoolvally answer:  

(a) If you are peeping inside from Bodli Darwaza, in which direction from you is Katora Hauz?  

North direction.  

(b) If someone is entering from Banjara Darwaza, in which direction from her is Katora Hauz?  

South direction.

(c) In which direction will you walk from Bala Hisar to reach Moti Mahal?

East direction. 

(d) How many gates can you see on the outer walls of the fort?

Nine gates.

(e) Count how many palaces are there in the fort?  

Three palaces.

(f) What arrangements for water can you see inside the fort? For example, wells, tanks, stepwells.

• Five baolis and three hauz  

On the map, 1 cm distance is equal to a distance of 110 metres on the ground. Now tell

Schoolvally answer:  

On the map the distance between Bala Hisar and Fateh Darwaja is __9cm__ On the ground, the distance between the two would be __ 9 x 110 = 990 __ metres.

How far is Makai Darwaza from Fateh Darwaza?  

Schoolvally answer:  

On the map the distance between Makai Darwaza from Fateh Darwaza is __14 cm__On the ground, the distance between the two would be ____14 x 110 = 1540___meters

• Discuss

Have you recently read or heard about any country attacking or going to war with another country?

Schoolvally answer:  

There is war going between ukraine and Russia, It started on February 2022. The reason of war is a landmass cremia which both countries clam to be their part. With the passage of time conflict increased and turned into a war.   

Find out what was the reason for this war.

Schoolvally answer:  

The reason of war is a landmass cremia which both countries clam to be their part. Post ukraine been a part of NATO it has turned into international conflict and full war between Ukraine and Russia.    

What kind of weapons were used in this war?

Schoolvally answer:  

All sorts of Tanks, Fighter planes and missiles.  

What kind of destruction was caused because of this?  

Schoolvally answer:  

Lots of Soldiers died, lots of people died, The cities turned into ashes and economic crises came up.

• Find out 

The big gun that Shreedhar saw was made of bronze. Have you seen anything made of bronze? What?  

Schoolvally answer:  

I have seen artefacts and medals made up of bronze.

Find out from your elders about some of the things made from bronze that were, or are still used in your house. From its colour try to identify which one of them is made from copper, which from brass, and which from bronze.

Schoolvally answer:

Some of the things made up of bronze that were still used in our house are  plates, utensils and flower vase.

The things made up of copper are reddish brown in colour, things made up of brass are yellow, things made up of bronze are brown in colour.

• Arrangements for water  

Can you think why bullocks have been used here?

Schoolvally answer:

I think the Bullocks were used for moving the giant wheel with tooth and cogs.  

Now imagine, how would this garland of pots lift water from the well?

Schoolvally answer:  

By the rotation of the wheel the pots will get filled one by one and carry water and empty it into the drain.

Do you now get some idea about how the tanks could have been filled by lifting water from the wells? Even today we can see clay pipes in the walls of the fort. These pipes would have been used to carry water to different places in the palace.

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, we get the idea.

Where else have you seen such wheels attached to each other. For example, in the gear of a cycle or somewhere else?

Schoolvally answer:  

I have seen such wheels attached to each other in clock, mixer grinder, lawn mover, sewing machine and in water pump.  

Look around and find out how water is pumped up from the ground to higher places?

Schoolvally answer:  

Water pumps which run with electricity are used to lift water to higher places.  

How is water pumped up using electricity? How is water lifted without electricity?  

Schoolvally answer:

The electric pump sucks water from a reservoir on the ground and eject it form the other end of the pipe which is at height.  

Without electricity the water is lifted with the help of bucket that is tied to a rope and pulled.

Close your eyes and go back in time!  

What is the Sultan doing in the palace? What kind of clothes is he wearing? What dishes are being offered to him? But why does he seem so worried? And in what language is he talking?

Schoolvally answer:

The Sultan is in a meeting with his ministers in the hall of the palace and also there are many villagers present there.  

He is wearing a long dress with jewels stitched and beautiful embroidery on it. He is also wearing a diamond studded crown made of gold.   

He is being offered gems and jewellery by a neighbouring king.  

He seems to be worried about the water crises on the villages as all the wells have dried up and there is no one who can tell the reason.

He is talking in Persian language, one traveller named Al-Biruni walks in and tells what he saw in India about water management by making step wells.

Imagine the rooms in the palace—the beautiful carpets and curtains, the fountains on the terrace… and the sweet smell of roses and chameli—where is this coming from?

Schoolvally answer:  

Sweet smell of roses and chameli is coming from the garden which is in the courtyard of the palace.  

What are the different kinds of factories you can see? How many people are working there? What are they doing? What are they wearing? How long do you think they work?

Schoolvally answer:

I see factories to make sword and arrows.

There are 20 people working there.

Some are straightening the cast iron rods while others are sharpening the final weapons by rubbing on some kind of stone.  

They are wearing only lungi and a safa on their head. I think they have long working hours of 12 hours.

Look there! See how finely those craftsmen are carving the stones using a chisel and hammer? Can you see the stone dust in the air. Do you think this stone dust would harm them in some way?    

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I can see with every stoke of hammer on the chisel a think crest of marble sheds away and when the crafts man blows at it the dust flews in the air.  

Yes, this stone dust would harm them as they are not covering there nose, this will go in their lungs and make them cough.

• Write

What kinds of pots have you seen around you?

Schoolvally answer:

I have seen pots made of clay, copper, bronze and iron.

Try to find out from your grandparents about the other kinds of pots and pans they used in their time?

Schoolvally answer:

Mu grand parents used pots and pans made up of Alluminium.  

Have you ever been to some museum or heard about it? What all things are there in a museum?  

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes. I have been to ‘The Albert Hall Museum in Jaipur, It  is the oldest museum of the state and functions as the state museum of Rajasthan.

The museum displays a wide range of metal objects, wood crafts, carpets, stone and metal sculptures, arms and weapons, natural stones and ivory goods.  

It also houses a large collection of miniatures from Bundi, Kota, Kishangarh, Udaipur and Jaipur schools of art.

I have also heard about Shankar's International Dolls Museum in Delhi, This museum has a collection of dolls from all over the world and houses 500 dolls form India.

• Survey and write

Is there any old building or monument near your house which people come to see? If yes, name it.  

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, there is an old fort neat my house, which people come to see. The name of the fort is Bhahu-Fort it is situated on the banks of river Tawi.

The fort was built by Bahu Lochan. The fort is a religious place, and within its premises has a temple dedicated to the Hindu goddess 'Kali'. Tourists come to see the fort and devotees comes to worship.

Have you ever gone to see an old monument? Which was that? Did you feel it told you a story? What could you know about those times from it?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I have gone to see Taj Mahal in Agra in my school excursion. Yes, I felt it tell me a story of magnificent architectural marvel and the life style of Mugal kings.

In those times the crafts man ship was better than today and people were hard working and talented. They has great skills.

How old was it? How did you know?

Schoolvally answer:  

It is said to be 391 years old. It is written there on the notice board that it was build in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan 

What was it made of?  

Schoolvally answer:

The Taj Mahal was built using white marble. White marble is a metamorphic rock, and was brought from mines of Makrana in Rajasthan.

What colour was it?

Schoolvally answer:  

It was of white colour.

Were there any special kind of designs on the old building? Draw them in your notebook.

Schoolvally answer:  

Curvilinear forms and symbolic decorations based on naturalistic plant motifs are the special kind of designs on the old building.

Sketch

Who used to live there in the olden days?

Schoolvally answer:

Nobody used to live there, it was build as a tomb of Mumtaz Mehal wife of mugal emperor Shahjahan, latter grave of mughal emperor Shahjahan was also built there.  

What kinds of activities took place there?

Schoolvally answer:  

It is counted as one of the seven wonders of the earth. Tourists come there, students or architecture come there and also Media persons come there.  

Do some people still live there?

Schoolvally answer:

Nobody lives there, it is under the control of government of India.  

• Look at the painting and tell

What kinds of work are people doing?

Schoolvally answer:

People are engaged in construction work in the painting shown. They are doing different activities as carrying water, laying bricks, lifting loads, Unloading sand from horses, making designs, transporting material with a boat etc.

How many men and women are working?

Schoolvally answer:  

There are 20 men and 3women working.  

See, how they are taking the huge pillar up along the slope?

Schoolvally answer:

They have tied the pillar to rope and many men are lifting it along the slope.  

Is it easier to lift a heavy thing straight up or along a slope?  

Schoolvally answer:

It is easier to lift a heavy thing along the slope.

Were you able to see the man carrying water in a mashak (leather bag)?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I was able to identify a man carrying water in a mashak (leather bag).

• What we have learnt

Sangeeta thinks it is useless to keep old things in a museum. How would you convince her that it is important to have a museum?

Schoolvally answer:

Museum has the collection of old things which we cannot remake, they are of great significance as they are like live pages of a History book, they are the only way to know the culture and life of people of ancient times. The artefacts in the museum tell us a lot about the art and craft, technology, and achievements and about the events of the past.  

Why do you think the chapter is named, ‘Walls Tell Stories’?

Schoolvally answer:

The chapter is very well named ‘Wall Tell Stories’, because it is about the old monuments which speaks about the time they were build and the people who lived in them, also they tell the story of our glories past.

 Important Questions 

• Straight from the heart  

What do you think the earth looks like? Make a drawing of the earth in your notebook.  

Schoolvally answer:

The earth looks like an orange spherical and slight flattenedtowards the poles. This would make it an oblate spheroid.

Sketch

What do you think?

If the earth is round like a globe, how is it that we do not fall off?

Schoolvally answer:

If the earth is round like a globe, we don’t fall off because earth attracts everything towards its centre due to its gravitational force.

Do the people in Argentina stand upside down?  

Schoolvally answer:  

No, the people in Argentina do not stand upside down, they stand upright as we do.  

Look at the photographs and write

Can you think why Sunita’s hair was standing?

Schoolvally answer:  

I think Sunita’s hair was standing, because she was in the spaceship and there is no gravitational force. So her hair were not been pulled down by any force, hence were standing.

Look at Sunita’s photographs and the dates written on each of them. Write what all is happening and when?

Schoolvally answer:  

9-12-2006: The spaceship take off  on this date with the crew.

11-12-2006: The crew is floating in the spacecraft and experiencing zero gravity.

11-12-2006: They found it difficult to eat as the their food was also floating in absence of gravity.

16-12-06: Sunita experienced real space walk.

Classroom becomes a spaceship  

Close your eyes. Imagine that your class is a spaceship. Zooo...m – in 10 minutes you have entered in space. Your spaceship is now going around the earth. Now say: -  

Are you able to sit at one place?

Schoolvally answer:  

No, we are not able to sit at one place.  

- What about your hair?

Schoolvally answer:

My hair is standing up in air in absence of gravity.

- Oh, look … where are your bags and books going?

Schoolvally answer:

My bags and books are floating

- And what is your teacher doing?

Schoolvally answer:

My teacher is holding the chair and both are floating.

Where is her chalk?

Schoolvally answer:

Chalk is hanging in air, I front of her.

- How did you eat your food during the break? How did you drink water? What happened to the ball that you threw up?  

The lunch break was great fun, as soon as I open my lunch box, the sandwich popped out and flew. I was jumping after him. I used a sipper to gulp water. It stayed there quietly.

Act out or draw the scene.  

Sketch

- Can you now say why Sunita’s hair kept standing?

Schoolvally answer:

Sunita Williams went 360 kilometres away from the earth, in the spaceship there was no gravity there so Sunita’s hair kept standing.  

- Think why water flows downwards on any slope. On mountains too water flows downwards, not upwards.

Schoolvally answer:

The water flows downwards on any slope. On mountains too water flows downwards, not upwards, because of gravitational force of earth. Earth pulls every thing to its centre.

Can you see India?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, we can see India.

Can you recognise any other place?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I can recognise, Sri Lanka, Middle east, South India, china and Russia.   

Where is the sea?

Schoolvally answer:  

All the blue area on the photograph is sea.

Do you find anything similar between the globe and this picture of the earth? In what ways are they different?

Schoolvally answer:  

Similarities:

(a) Both are round in shape.

(b) Both have lots of blue colour.

Dis-similarities:

(a) The borders separating the countries could not be seen on the picture, but could be seen on the globe.

(b) We can see clouds on the picture, but on the globe we could not see clouds.

Do you think Sunita could make out Pakistan, Nepal and Burma separately, when she saw the earth from space?  

Schoolvally answer:  

No, she could not have make out Pakistan, Nepal and Burma separately, when she watched them from space, because there are no visible boundaries, what she would have seen is only a land mass and ocean.

Look at a globe in your school and tell

Can you find India?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I can see India.

Where all do you find the sea?

Schoolvally answer:

All the blue region is sea on the globe.

Which countries can you see?

Schoolvally answer:

I can identify countries like USA, Canada, France, Germany,  Britain, Saudi Arabia, China, Tibet, Russia, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Australia and Singapore, etc.  

Can you see some of the countries with which India plays cricket matches? For example: England, Australia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and South Africa.

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I can see countries with which India plays cricket matches.

What else can you see on the globe?   

On the globe we can also see, mountains, rivers lakes and oceans.

Look at the map of your country and tell

- Can you find the state in which you live? Write its name on the map.

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I can locate(like Assam)/----------- on the map.

- Which are the states next to the state you live in?

Schoolvally answer:

The states next to the state Assam/---------I live are Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and West Bengal.

- Have you been to any other state?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I had been to Maharashtra.

- Shahmir thinks that there are lines drawn on the ground between the states. What do you think?   

Schoolvally answer:

I disagree with Shahmir, there are no lines drawn on the ground. These are imaginary lines drawn on a map to distinguish the states. In actual only through the address we can tell about the state.     

• Look at the Sky

Why don’t you try to do the same with a coin? How many centimetres away from the eye did you keep the coin to hide the moon?

Schoolvally answer:

I kept the coin at my arms length around 30 cm away from my eyes to hidethe moon. 

• Think  

Do you think the moon is flat like the coin or round like a ball?  

Schoolvally answer:  

I think the moon is round like a ball and not flat like coin, because moon has sufficient gravity to pull its solid rock and gaseous atmosphere into the shape of a sphere. 

• Find out  

When is the next full moon? At what time will the moon rise on this day? What does the moon look like on this day? Draw it.  

Schoolvally answer:  

Next full moon is on --. --. -- date, The moon will rise on --- hour.--- minutes. The moon look like a bright circle on this day.

Sketch

What are the festivals related to the moon?

Schoolvally answer:  

The festivals related to moon are as under:
i) Karva Chauth
ii) Eid
iii) Guru Purnima
iv) Diwali
v) Buddha Purnima
 

At night look at the sky carefully for 5 minutes. – What could you see? – Did you see anything moving in the sky? What do you think it could be? A star or a shooting star or a satellite (satellites are used for the TV, telephones and for weather reports). Find out more about this.  

Schoolvally answer:  

I could see big and small stars, constellations, moon, shooting stars.

Yes, moon and a big star is moving in the sky.

I found out, since this is summer time and the light is bright but pale it could be planet Venus.

On 28 October the moon came out at ___ minutes past ___ o’clock.

Schoolvally answer:  

On 28 October the moon came out at _16__ minutes past __7_ o’clock.

On 29 October the moon came out at ___ minutes past ___ o’clock.  

Schoolvally answer:  

On 29 October the moon came out at __17_ minutes past __8_ o’clock.

On 29 October there was a difference of _1__ hours and _1__ minutes in the time of the moon rise (as compared to 28 October).

Schoolvally answer:  

On 29 October there was a difference of _1__ hours and _1__ minutes in the time of the moon rise (as compared to 28 October).

Working: Subtract the time 17-16=1 minutes, 8-7= 1 hours.

If you saw the moon rising at 7 pm today, would you see it at the same time tomorrow?

Schoolvally answer:

No, we would not see it at the same time tomorrow. It will be 50 minutes later each day.

On 31 October the time of setting of the moon is given as 12:03. Have you ever seen the moon at 12 in the afternoon? Why don’t we easily see the moon or stars during the day?  

Schoolvally answer:  

No, I have not seen the moon at 12 in the afternoon. This is because at noon bright sunlight hides the not so bright moon light, hence we cannot see the moon or stars during the day. 

 Important Questions 

• A bus journey

Look at the picture on page 110 of NCERT textbook for class V and write:

What are the different kinds of vehicles that you can see?

Schoolvally answer:  

I can see bicycles, buses, cars, auto, cycle-rikshaw, scooter, and motorcycles.  

What do you think they need petrol and diesel as fuel?

Schoolvally answer:  

I think some vehicles need petrol, some need diesel and some don’t need any thing. E.g.

Vehicles that need petrol are: cars, auto, scooter, and motorcycles.

Vehicles that need diesel are: buses.

Vehicles that do not run on fuel are: cycles, cycle-rickshaw.

Which of the vehicles do you think give off smoke? Put a red mark on those.

Schoolvally answer:  

We can put red marks on buses, cars, auto, scooter, and motorcycles.

Which are the vehicles run without petrol and diesel?

Schoolvally answer:  

Vehicles that run without petrol and diesel are cycles and cycle-rickshaw.

What problems do we face from the speeding vehicles?  

We have many problems form speeding vehicles like:

Smoke: Speeding vehicles produce lot of smoke.

Sound: Speeding vehicles produce lot of sound.

Accidents: Speeding vehicles are prone to fatal accidents.

• Tell

Do you ride a bicycle? If yes, where all do you go on it?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, I ride bicycle, I go to park on it.

How do you come to school?  

Schoolvally answer:

I come to school by school bus.  

How do your family members go to work from home?  

Schoolvally answer:  

They go by bus and local train.

What problems can we have from smoke coming out of vehicles?

Schoolvally answer:

We can have problems like bronchitis, nausea, vomiting and headache from smoke coming out of vehicles.

What kind of problems can we face from noise of vehicles (honking)?  

Schoolvally answer:  

The most common health problem it causes is Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). Exposure to loud noise can also cause high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep disturbances, and stress. 

• Find out and discuss

Which states of India have oil fields?

Schoolvally answer:  

States of India that have oil fields are as under:

(a) Assam

(b) Gujarat

(c) Maharashtra

(d) Andhra Pradesh.

Besides oil, what else is found deep inside the earth?

Schoolvally answer:

Besides oil, we find coal, metals like gold silver, iron, copper etc. deep inside the earth.

Find out the traffic rules and discuss them in the class.

Schoolvally answer:  

Following are the traffic rules:

(a) Follow the speed limits.

(b) Do not blow horn near school, hospitals.

(c) Cross road from zebra crossing only.

(d) Wear helmets.

(e) Walk on the footpath.

(f) Walk on the left side of the road.

(g) Follow traffic lights.  

We should use petrol and diesel judiciously. Think why?  

Schoolvally answer:  

We should use petrol and diesel judiciously, because they are present in limited amount in nature and it will take millions of years for it to form again. If we don’t use them judiciously they will finish soon and we will have to live without them and suffer energy crises.

• Write

What all can vehicles run on?

Schoolvally answer:  

Vehicles can run on coal, petrol, diesel, CNG, electricity and solar energy.

What kinds of problems will we face, if the number of vehicles keep on increasing? For example, more traffic on the road. Talk to your elders and write about it.

Schoolvally answer:  

Problems which we we face, if the number of vehicles keep on increasing are as under:

(a) Frequent traffic jams.

(b) Noise pollution due to horns etc.

(c) Air pollution due to exhaust of vehicles.

(d) climate change as temperature will rise.

(e) Increase in chances of road accidents.

Manju said, “Why doesn't everyone use a bus?” What do you think, why don’t people travel by buses?

Schoolvally answer:

I think people do not travel by buses because of following reasons:

(a) Bus stops are far away from their home or office.

(b) Buses have fixed stoppages.

(c) Bus timing or routes may not be suiting them.

(d) They may not feel comfortable because of crowd.

(e) There are good chances to catch communicable diseases like Covid.

(f) The conduct of bus driver and conductor may not be appropriate.

(g) Affluent class can afford comfort and luxuries so they don’t travel by buses.  

(h) People if in hurry want to travel fast and bus service is slow. Etc.

Suggest some ways to deal with the problems arising out of the growing number of vehicles.

Schoolvally answer:  

Growing number of vehicles create many problems like pollution, traffic jam and health hazards. There are many ways to deal with the problems arising out of the growing number of vehicles which are listed below:

(a) Car pool: People travelling to the same destination can share car or cab, this will reduce traffic on roads.  

(b) Public transport: Using public transport like buses and trains and avoiding private vehicles. This can reduce the number of vehicle on the road.  

(c) Use Bicycle: One many use bicycle over motor-cycle. This will keep them healthy and solve pollution problem also.

(d) Use Cycle rickshaw: One many opt cycle-rickshaw over auto rickshaw.

(e) Shopping Malls: Shopping Malls to be opened at walking distances so daily travelling can be avoided.

(f) Work from home: Encourage work from home culture where possible, so employee don’t have to burn fuel to travel for work

(g) Online shopping: Encourage online shopping though websites like schoolvally. Instead many people going to market one person can deliver goods to all of them.  

What are the benefits, if we switch off the engine of the vehicles at the red light on the road?

Schoolvally answer:  

The benefits of switching off the engine of the vehicles at the red light on the road are as under:

(a) Reduce noise pollution.

(b) Reduce Petrol/fuel consumption.

(c) Reduce smoke emission.

(d) Relive stress.

• Find out and write

How much petrol/diesel can be filled at a time?  

Schoolvally answer:  

Scooter: 5 litres  

Car: 40 litres  

Tractor: 60 litres  

How far can it go on one litre of petrol/diesel?  

Schoolvally answer:  

Scooter: 35 kmpl (kilo metre per litre)

Car: 15 kmpl  

Tractor: 10 kmpl

In 2014, as compared to 2007 the rate of petrol went up by___ rupees. The rate of diesel increased by____ rupees.

Schoolvally answer:

In 2014, as compared to 2007 the rate of petrol went up by__ 24.34 ___ rupees. The rate of diesel increased by__ 28.49 ___ rupees.

What was the difference in the rates of petrol and diesel from 2002 to 2007, 2007 to 2014 and 2014 to 2017?

Schoolvally answer:

The difference in the rates of petrol 2002 to 2007:

43.52 – 29.91 = Rs. 13.61  

The difference in the rates of diesel from 2002 to 2007:  

30.48 – 18.91 = Rs. 11.57

The difference in the rates of petrol 2007 to 2014:  

67.86  – 43.52 = Rs. 24.32

The difference in the rates of diesel2007 to 2014:  

58.97   – 30.48  = Rs. 28.49

The difference in the rates of petrol from 2014 to 2017:   

64.91  – 67.86 = Rs. - 02.95 (price reduced)

The difference in the rates of diesel from 2014 to 2017:   

54.70  – 58.97 = Rs. 04.27 (price reduced)

What is the change in prices of diesel and petrol from 2007 to 2014?

Schoolvally answer:

Change in prices of diesel from 2007 to 2014

58.97– 30.48 = 28.49

The price have increased by Rs. 28.49

Change in prices of petrol from 2007 to 2014

67.86– 43.52 = Rs. 24.32

The price have increased by Rs. 24.32  

• Find out  

How much did the price of petrol and diesel change from 2014 to 2017?

Schoolvally answer:  

The price of petrol reduced by Rs. 2 and 95 paisa from 2014 to 2017, the calculation is as under:

(Rate 2017) 64.91 – (Rate 2014) 67.86 = Rs. - 02.95

The price of petrol reduced by Rs. 4 and 27 paisa from 2014 to 2017, the calculation is as under:

(Rate 2017) 54.70  – (Rate 2014) 58.97  = Rs. 04.27

What is the price of petrol and diesel in your area?

Schoolvally answer:  

Average price of petrol in Delhi is -------/Rs 96.72 per litre  

Average price of diesel in Delhi is -------/Rs 89.62 per litre  

Why are the prices of petrol and diesel going up?

Schoolvally answer:  

The prices of petrol and diesel are going up because of the following reasons:

The petrol and diesel are limited resource in nature and with industrialization and population growth, its demand is increasing every day. The production of oil is less as compared to the consumption of oil, Hence, the prices of petrol and diesel are going up due to high demand and low supply.

In one month how much petrol and diesel is used in your home? What is it used for?
Schoolvally answer:

In my home 100 litres of petrol is used in car and 500 litres of diesel is used in tractor in amonth.

• See the poster and write

Where all is oil used?

Schoolvally answer:  

Oil is used in all of them:

(a) For dry cleaning agent for clothes(petrol).

(b) For lighting in a lamp (kerosene).

(c) As a fuel in cars (petrol), tractor (diesel) or airplane (kerosene).

(d) To run generator (diesel).

(e) As fuel in kitchen to light the stove (kerosene) and Gas (LPG).

(f) To make paints and plastic.  

Where is diesel used? Find out.  

Schoolvally answer:  

(a) Diesel is used as fuel in train, cars, tractors, buses and trucks.  

(b) It is also used to run generators and produce electricity.

(c) It is used to run machines in factories.

(d) It is used in agriculture to run water pumps.  

• Think and discuss

What would happen if you don’t get petrol or diesel for a week in your village or town?

Schoolvally answer:  

If we do not get petrol or diesel for a week in our village or town, following will happened:

(a) There will be no water in taps and in fields.

(d) Agriculture machines could not be run.

(b) Farm produce will spoil lying in the fields, as it could not be transported.   

(c) Milk would not be transferred to milk dairy and spoil.

Hence, we can say we are dependent for day to day activities on the petrol or diesel, will suffer discomfort and there will be financial loss also to some extent.

Suggest some ways to save oil.  

Schoolvally answer:  

(a) An effective way to reduce oil demand is to shift travel demand away from private cars to public transport

(b) Prefer car pooling.

(c) Prefer walking or cycling wherever practical.

(d) Make voyage over flights.

(e) Make public transport cheap and incentivise public transport users.

(f) Shops at walking distances will reduce travelling for daily purchases.

(g) Work from home can be encouraged, so employee don’t have to travel for work.

(h) Prefer e-shops like schoolvally over brick and mortar shops.  

• Discuss

Have you ever collected dry wood or made cow dung cakes? How are they made?  

Schoolvally answer:

I have not collected my self, but I know earlier in our house there used to be a chulla, and it was fueled with dry wood and cow dung cakes.

Cow dung cakes are made by kneading the mixture of cow dung and husk and made into flat balls, which are then dried in sun for some days.

Do you know anyone who collects dry wood or leaves to be used for lighting a chulha?

Schoolvally answer:  

Yes, Some boys come in the park in early morning to collect dry wood or leaves for lighting chulla.

Who cooks food in your family? What about other families in your area?

Schoolvally answer:  

My grandmother cooks food in our family. Other families have maid to cook in my area.

If they cook food using wood or upla (cow dung cakes), what difficulties do they face due to smoke?

Schoolvally answer:  

The burning of wood or upla produces smoke that contains harmful gases and if inhaled for long time can cause diseases like chronic bronchitis (persistent cough).

Can Durga use anything else instead of wood? Why not?   

Schoolvally answer:  

No, Durga can not use any thing else, as wood because, she is so poor that even she can not buy enough food for her.

Change in fuel use over twenty years

Kancha had seen a bar chart in a book. The chart shows the number of houses out of 100 that use each type of fuel. It also shows the use of which fuel has increased and which fuel has decreased over the past twenty years.

– In year 1976, out of 100 how many houses used uple and wood?

Schoolvally answer:

84 houses out of 100 used uple and wood.

– Which was the fuel used the least in 1976?

Schoolvally answer:

Electricity was the fuel used least in 1976, 1 house out of 100.

– In 1976, LPG and kerosene were used in______houses and in 1996 this increased to______. This means that in twenty years their use increased by________%.

Schoolvally answer:

In 1976, LPG and kerosene were used in__10___houses and in 1996 this increased to__18__. This means that in twenty years their use increased by___80___%.

Working 18 – 10 / 10 * 100  

= 8 / 10 * 100  

= 80

Out of 100, how many houses were using electricity in 1996?

Schoolvally answer:

Out of 100, 5 houses were using electricity in 1996.

–Which fuel was used the least in 1996? What percentage of houses used it in the year 1976?

 Schoolvally answer:   

Coal was the fuel used the least in 1996 only 2 houses out of 100 used it. In 1976 it was used in 5 housed out of hundred, hence we can say that 5 % used it.

Find out from your elders

When they were young what was then used to cook food at home?

Schoolvally answer:  

I found from my grandfather that when they were young, kerosene stove was used to cook food at home.

In the past 10 years use of which cooking fuel has increased in your area? Use of which fuel has decreased?

Schoolvally answer:  

In the past 10 years use of LPG as cooking fuel has increased in our area. Electricity has decreased no-one uses heating plates/coil now in our area. 

Guess the use of which fuel would increase and which would decrease in the next 10 years.  

Schoolvally answer:  

I guess, in the next 10 years the use of solar energy will increase and use of LPG due to rising cost will decrease in next 10 years.

• What we have learnt

Imagine that a company has given you a chance to design a new vehicle like a mini bus. What kind of vehicle would you design? Write about it. Draw a picture and colour it.

Schoolvally answer:  

If I will be given a chance to design a new vehicle like mini bus, I will design a mini bus which will run on water.

I think this will be better than solar energy, because we will be able to go school even on a cloudy day.

This vehicle will will reduce the burden of fare of school transport on parents, this way I will save students becoming school drop outs.

While making the design, who did you plan to take care of:  

Schoolvally answer:  

old people __I will make handle bars on sides as well as in front, so they have some thing to hold on in case of jerk__.

children __I will have colourful seat covers and special place to keep school bags, so children can sit comfortably__.

those who cannot see? __I will have seat numbers in braille so blind men can find their seats easily with out any problem and there will be facility of announcement before the bus arrives to destination so that they have enough time to walk towards gate ___.

Look out for news reports on oil. Cut these and make a collage. Put up a chart in your classroom. Also write your own views on these news reports.

Schoolvally answer:  

News relating to oil:

Oil prices were rising globally even prior to the full escalation of the war. However, when Russia attacked Ukraine, the price of crude oil in the global market skyrocketed from around $76 per barrel at the start of January 2022 to over $110 per barrel on 4 March 2022 

Make a poster with a message on saving fuel. Write a slogan too. Where would you like to put up this poster?   

Schoolvally answer:  

Poster: Sketch

Slogan: “Full fuel full smile, No fuel no smile.”

I would like to put up this poster in School notice board.

 Important Questions 

• Discuss and write  

Have you or anyone that you know ever faced such difficulty?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, one of our class mate is from Gujarat, His uncle had witnessed an earthquake last year.
 

Who all helped at such a time? Make a list.  

Schoolvally answer:

Following helped at such a time:

(a) Neighbours
(b) Police
(c) People from other states
(d) NGO
(e) International organizations
(f) Doctors and nurses
(g) Army

(h) Airforce

• Discuss

A lot of people from other places came to Jasma’s village. Who were these people? In what ways would they have helped the villagers?

Schoolvally answer:

They were people from other cities who came to see what happened. They would have helped the villages by bringing in the much relief items. They came with food, medicines and clothes.

People from different groups from the city, helped them to put up the tents, But staying in these plastic tents in the cold winter months was very difficult for them.

People in Jasma’s village rebuilt their houses with suggestions from the engineers. Will these houses be safer than before in case there is an earthquake again? Why?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes these houses be safer than before in case there is an earthquake again, because engineers and architects showed them some special designs for houses. They said that with this design, houses would not get damaged much in an earthquake.  

Think, if there were an earthquake where you live, would your house be in danger?

Schoolvally answer:

If there would be an earthquake in the pace where I live, I don’t think my house be in danger, because I live in a pucca house.

What will you do to save pet animals during natural disaster?

Schoolvally answer:  

Pet animals would also be in equal shock during natural disaster, I will give them high quality food and medicines if needed. I will also give them love and care.

• Write

Compare your house with that of Jasma. List in your notebook what materials were used in making both the houses.  

Schoolvally answer:

Jasma’s House:

Stones, mud, wood and for decoration small pieces of mirror.  

My House:  

Stones, wood, bricks, cement, steel. tiles, sand and glass.

• What will you do?

People from the groups also made children in Jasma’s school practice what they should do in case there is an earthquake. This is what they said:  

- If possible leave the house and go to an open ground.

- If you cannot go out of the house, lie down under a strong thing like a table and hold on tightly, so that it does not slip away. Wait until the shaking stops.

Have you been told in your school or anywhere else about what to do in case of an earthquake?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, there is a natural disaster drill in our school, we have been taught about the measures we should take in case of earthquake as under:

(a) Try to move to an open area and wait there.

(b) Sit down under a strong thing like a table and hold on tightly, so that it does not slip away. Wait until the shaking stops.  

(c) Do not use lifts. use stairs instead.

(d) If possible switch of gas and other electrical devices.

(e) If the situation is difficult stand still in the corner of the room.  

Why do you think one should go under a table during an earthquake?  

Schoolvally answer:

One should go under a table during an earthquake in order to save himself from falling objects.

• Write

According to the TV report, thousands of people were injured and some died in Gujarat. If the buildings had been made in a way that they would not fall in the earthquake, would the damage have been different? How?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, If the buildings had been made in a way that they would not fall in the earthquake, the damage would have been different. There would not have been so much of damage and also so many people would not have been died. During an earthquake mostly people get injured or die due to the collapse of walls and roofs of the building.

At times like this, when people have lost their homes and all their belongings, what kind of help would they need?

Schoolvally answer:

In such difficult times, when people have lost their homes and all their belongings. They would need help in the form of food and medicines primarily. Great number of people get injured and need medical attention.

Since, people have lost their houses, a temporary shelter would definitely help.

In addition, they also need some emotional support and comfort.

In such situations whose help would be needed and for what? Write in your notebook as shown here.  

Whose help will be needed  

1. Dog: Help of dogs will be needed, to smell out where people are lying trapped.  

2. Police: Help will be needed to maintain the law and order in such situation.

3. Rescue team: To help the survivors to come out of the derbies and take serious patients to the hospitals.  

4. Engineers and architects: To designs and re-plan the city.

5. Medical staff: To treat injured people and provide medicines to them.

• Discuss

Have you ever seen people in your area helping each other? When?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen people in my area helping each other at the time of difficulty, like COVID when the shopkeepers home delivered the grocery to us.

Medical shops and doctors and nurses where working as usual without any break in such epidemic and helping us with medicines and treatment.

Also, during festivals people help each other in arrangements and financially.  

Why do people live together in a neighbourhood?

Schoolvally answer:

People live in a neighbourhood, because:

(a) Man is a social animal and cannot live alone.

(b) People feel safe in a neighbourhood.  

(c) People want to share there time with others.

(d) For love and affection.

Imagine living in a place where there were no other houses or people around. How would it be?  

For example, whom would you play with? With whom would you celebrate festivals and special days? Would you be scared?

Schoolvally answer:

Imagining to live in a place where there were no other houses or people around. It would be  

very dull, because I will not have any one to play with I will feel lonely.

The joy of festivals will be meaningless, Roads, Parks and temples will become haunted. No I will not be scared but, will definitely be bored.  

People face a lot of difficulties when they lose people from their family, or their houses and belongings. In newspapers of the last one month, look for news related to such disasters – earthquakes, floods, fire, cyclones, etc., in different parts of the world. Collect these news reports and paste them in your notebook

The news published is as follows:

Schoolvally answer:

Title: 2023 Turkey-Syria Earthquake

On Feb. 6, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurred in southern Turkey near the northern border of Syria. This quake was followed approximately nine hours later by a magnitude 7.5 earthquake located around 59 miles (95 kilometers) to the southwest.

The first earthquake was the most devastating to hit earthquake-prone Turkey in more than 20 years and was as strong as one in 1939, the most powerful recorded there. It was centered near Gaziantep in south-central Turkey, home to thousands of Syrian refugees and the many humanitarian aid organizations also based there.

• Your news report

Make your own report which mentions the following:  

Schoolvally answer:

- Cause of the disaster, date and time

- What kind of damage did it cause

– to lives, belongings, livelihoods?

- Which people came forward to help? Which government offices or other groups?

Schoolvally answer:

My news report:

Srinagar, March 21: A major earthquake measuring 6.5 on the Richter scale jolted union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, in India at 01.13 AM.

People ran out of their homes for safety and did not return home due to panic. Children were crying because this was their first experience to deal with an earthquake.

The centre of the earthquake was in depth of 200 km. in Turkey. Many of the houses shattered and merged with the ground. The scene there in Turkey is equally bad around 1000 people were injured and have been taken to hospitals. The serious patients were air lifted to London for treatment. Rishi Sunak, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has come forward for help in this time of natural calamity.

In India, around 50,000 people have lost their homes and Gujars and Bakarwals where most effected as they have reported missing of animals after the earthquake The estimated value of livestock is worth 2 Crore. Many members of changpa tribe of Ladakh are missing. They do have any livelihood now and are seeking help form government. US government has calculated the loss of property worth 500 crore in this catastrophe. These are initial estimated figures and is likely to increase after analysis by the team of scientists and engineers. Who will reach on the site by tomorrow afternoon.

This earthquake also played the role of a precursor for snow avalanche in Nubra Vally in Leh.

Lions club and Red cross society has opened their camps at many places and are providing first-aid to men and women injured and emotional comfort to the grief stricken people. Indian Army has also started search operations in the area, drones are also been used for the first time for relief operations in India said General Manoj Pande, the Chief of the Army Staff. 

These are initial estimated figures and is likely to increase after analysis by the team of scientists and engineers. Who will reach on the site by tomorrow afternoon.

There are many people from neighbouring states who have come for help and are engaged in distribution of food packets and water bottles and other relief supplies. The Kissan Union has donated 1000 blankets as the relief. Schoolvally has come forward with free online education to the affected children, so that their learning curve is not effected.  

International support is awaited, hope people will come out off this trauma soon and resume their normal lives. This is a very sad incident in the early start this year said by ‘Dalai Lama’.

Have people in your area ever got affected by famine or drought? Find such reports of different countries from newspapers. Make your own report.

Schoolvally answer:

Title: West India Drought 2025

A period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause serious hydrologic imbalance in the affected area." Is how scientifically drought is defined. But those who suffers have defined as “death without water”. Woefully, India is hit by this natural calamity and is declared as West India drought 2025 by President of India in parliament yesterday.

The most hit regions are desert states of Rajasthan and Gujrat, first time lake city Udaipur is also been affected by this. To some extent entire country is seriously suffering from drought this year. Rajasthan has been receiving scanty rainfall for the last five years.  

This drought has led to miserable groundwater situations, drying of lakes and dams and ecological distress across the sandy regions of the country.  

Locals after fighting with the tough conditions and pains of the drought had finally decided to move to neighbouring states of Haryana and Punjab. Temporary sentiments have been made by the BSF in Punjab. Free Langer (community meals) is been organized by the local religious bodies in this time of difficulty.

The desert dwellers who are majorly dependent on the live stocks like camel and sheep are facing threat for the poverty as most of their animals have died in this drought.  

The Prime Minister, has announced a large relief package of 625 crore for re-establishment and helping the people affected. Scientists all over the world are finding solutions for the impact of climate change on Indian subcontinent.  

They are also afraid and seeing this as the baby step of world wide drought, where the land mass will get divided into two zones, dry zone and frigid zone.

Pakistan and Afghanistan have started taking measures to avert the ill effects of drought by distribution of energy drinks and medicines to the areas which are likely to be affected in the near future.

Arrangements have been made for rainwater harvesting and cleaning drive for step-wells in the area and stretching the Indra Gandhi canal to Barmer region in ‘Rajasthan’. The project has be discussed with the Belgium based river and rain water harvesting company BUKA GmbH.

This draught could have been averted if timely action on the climate change would had been worked out said Meghnad Gill, Chief Scientist DAFRO India post handing the report.

You may need some help from these in case of an accident or emergency. Find out and write their addresses and phone numbers. Add more names to this list.  

Schoolvally answer:

Fire Station: 011-222222  

Nearby Hospital: 011-333333

Ambulance: 011-444444

Police Station: 011-555555

 Important Questions 

• Do this  

Have you warmed your hands in winter by blowing on them when they are cold? How does it feel?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have warmed my hands in winter by blowing on them when they are cold. It feels comforting to blow on hands in winter.

Blow hard from your mouth onto your hands. How did you find the air from your mouth as compared to the air around? Was it hotter, or cooler?

Schoolvally answer:

I found the air from my mouth hotter as compared to the air around.

Now put your hands at some distance from your mouth, and blow again. Does the air from your mouth feel warm? Why?

Schoolvally answer:

No, when I blow again with my hands at some distance from my mouth, the air from my mouth does not feel warm, this happens because, the air blown from my mouth has to travel some distance here it gets mixed with the air around and looses its heat.

• Think and tell

Can you think of any other way in which you use the warmth from your breath?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, it could be to alleviate pain of minor spams and injuries.

Fold a piece of cloth 3-4 times. Now bring it close to your mouth and blow hard on it. Did the cloth become warm?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, the cloth becomes warm.

Balishtiye saw that the woodcutter was trying to cool the hot potatoes by blowing on them. What would have happened if he had eaten the potatoes without cooling them?

Schoolvally answer:

He would have burned his tongue and mouth.

Have you ever burnt your tongue when you ate or drank something that was too hot? How do you cool some food when it is too hot?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, many times. When I am in hurry I gulp hot milk and burn my mouth. To cool some food when it is too hot, I put it under fan for some time.

If you were to cool these three hot things – dal, roti, rice – in which ways would you do so?

Schoolvally answer:

To cool dal, I will stir it in the bowl with a spoon.

To cool roti, it will cut it in in two halves.

To cool rice, I will spread it on the plate.

For what other things do you blow air from your mouth?  

Schoolvally answer:

We blow air from our mouth to do the following:

(a) To clean spectacles.

(b) To make soap bubbles.

(c) To whistle

(d) To blow away eraser dust from notebook.

(e) To dry nail polish.

(f) To blow off candle.

(g) To Inflate balloon.

(h) To play wind instruments like harmonica, flute, trumpet, etc.

Make whistles of the things given below. Write in a sequence–from the loudest to the softest whistle.  

Schoolvally answer:

The sequence of whistles from the loudest to the softest will be as under:  

- The cap of a pen

- With fingers.

- Wrapper of a toffee

- A balloon

- With comb and paper sheet.(any other)

- A leaf

Have you seen people playing different musical instruments like flute, dholak, been ...., guitar, mridang, etc. Can you recognise their sounds with your eyes closed? Find out more about these musical instruments. Collect their pictures too.  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I can recognize their sounds with my eyes closed. Musical instruments are categorised in 4 main types as under:

(a) Stringed musical instruments: Stringed musical instruments produces music by a stretched string. For example: Guitar Sitar, Veena, Mandolin, Ukulele, etc.

(b) Wind musical instruments: Wind musical instruments produce music by vibration of air columns inside them For example: Flute, Harmonica, trumpet, etc.

(c) Membrane musical instruments: Membrane musical instruments produce music by vibration of stretched membranes. For example: Tabla, dokak, drum set, mridang etc.

(d) Plate type musical instruments: Plate type musical instruments produce music by vibration of thick plates. For example: Cymbals and noot.

• Write

Can you name some things which produce melodious or pleasing sounds when we blow into them.

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, We get melodious sound by all the wind instruments. like flute, mouth-organ, trumpet etc.  

We can also produce melodious sounds, If we:

(a) Blow across the top of the glass bottle, we can set the air molecules vibrating and produce sound waves, we can also adjust the pitch by adjusting the water level in the bottle.

(b) We get a cracking sound if we blow into a plastic disposable bottle with our lips tightly pressed against its mouth, we can control the rhythm by monitoring our blowing pace. 

• Do this and discuss

Have you seen someone blowing on their spectacles to wipe them clean? How does the air from the mouth help in cleaning the spectacles?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen my father blowing on their spectacles to wipe them clean.  

The air from the mouth help in cleaning the spectacles, because when we breathe out we exhale carbon dioxide along with water vapours. This moisten the glass of the spectacles and help in cleaning them.

Take a glass. Bring it near your mouth and blow hard on it. Do this two or three times. Does the glass look hazy?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, the glass look hazy.

Can you make a mirror hazy in the same way? Can you tell by touching the mirror what made it hazy? Is the air you blew from your mouth dry or wet?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, we can make a mirror hazy in the same way.  

Yes, it is water vapour that made it hazy, we can tell this by touching the mirror.

The air we blew from your mouth is wet, it is because of presence of water vapour in the air we breathe out.

Put your hand on your chest. When you breathe in, does your chest come out or go in.

Schoolvally answer:

When I breathe in, my chest comes out.  

• Measure your chest  

– Take a deep breath in

– Ask your friend to measure your chest with a thread. Measurement__32 cm__

Schoolvally answer:

Measurement__32 cm__

– Now breathe out. Again ask your friend to measure your chest. Measurement___28 cm_

Schoolvally answer:

Measurement__28 cm__

– Was there any difference in the two measurements of your chest?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes there was difference in the two measurements of my chest. When I breathe in, the measurement of my chest is more and when I breathe out it is less. In my case, the difference was 4 cm.  

• How many breaths in one minute

– Put your finger under your nose. Can you feel any air when you breathe out from your nose?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I Can you feel some air when I breathe out from my nose.

– Count how many times in one minute do you breathe in and breathe out.

Schoolvally answer:

In one minute in breathe and out, 25 times.  

– Jump 30 times. Did you feel breathless?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, after jumping I felt breathless.

– Now again count how many times in one minute you breathed in and out.

Schoolvally answer:

In one minute in breathe and out, 35 times.

– What was the difference in your count before and after jumping.

Schoolvally answer:

The difference is of 10 breaths.

• The clock inside you  

You have all heard the ‘tick tick’ of the clock. Have you seen a doctor using a stethoscope to listen to our chest?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen a doctor using a stethoscope to listen to our chest.

What do you think she hears?  

Schoolvally answer:

I think, she hears the heart beat.

Where is the sound coming from?  

Schoolvally answer:

The sound is coming from our heart.

Is there a clock inside your chest that keeps ticking away?  

Schoolvally answer:

No, there is not a clock inside our chest that keeps ticking way. Heart sounds are created from blood flowing through the heart chambers, as the heart valves open and close during the pumping of blood.

Do you want to listen to your heartbeat?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I want to listen my heart beat.  

Did you hear a dhak-dhak sound?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I placed the end attached with funnel to left side of my chest, and I could listen to the dhak-dhak sound through the other end of the rubber tube.

• Snake tells the flow of air!  

– Can you understand from the movement of the snake - if the air is moving upwards or downwards?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I can understand from the movement of the snake, whether the air is moving upwards or downwards, because the snake moves in a clock-wise direction when the air flows upwards and it moves in an anti clock-wise direction when the air flows downwards.

• What we have learnt

While playing, Amit hit a wall. His forehead was swollen. Didi immediately folded a scarf (4-5 times), blew on it and kept it on Amit's forehead. Why do you think didi did this?

Schoolvally answer:

I think didi did this, so that Amit may not get goose-egg (swelling/lump) on this forehead and to soothe his pain.  

We blow to cool hot things as well as to warm them. Give examples of each.   

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, We blow to cool the hot things as well as to warm the cold things. The examples are given as under:

To cool things:  

(a) To cool hot drinks like tea, coffee and chicken soup.  

(b) To cool eatables like khichdi, magi and masala-dosa, etc.  

To warm things:

(a) To warm our cold hands in winter.  

(b) To warm ball point pen refill in winter.

 Important Questions 

• Have you seen such scenes around you? 

Have you seen such scenes around you?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have seen such scenes around me.

Have you ever thought of people who do this work? What is our responsibility to keep the place clean?  

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, I have thought of people who do this work. We should use dust bins and do not litter trash.

Why do you think people need to do this kind of work?   

Schoolvally answer:

People need to do this kind of work for many reason:

(a) They are not qualified enough for other government jobs.

(b) They do not have enough money to do business.

(c) Other members of their family are doing the same work, there is a pressure on them to join.

• Write  

Talk with people who do the cleaning job around your house and school.

Since when have they been doing this work?

Schoolvally answer:

They have been doing this work from 1990.

How much have they studied?

Schoolvally answer:

They have studied upto 5th standard.

Have they tried to look for some other work?

Schoolvally answer:

No, they have not tried to look for any other work.

Did the elders in their family also do this work?

Schoolvally answer:

Yes, the elders in the family also do this work.

What kind of difficulties do they face in doing this work?  

Schoolvally answer:

(a) They have to get up early in the morning for work.

(b) Drainage system is not planned.

(c) They are under constant threat of getting infected.

(d) Their work conditions are not good.

What are the different kinds of work being done in this drawing? List any five of these.

Schoolvally answer:

Different kinds of work being done in this drawing are as under:

(a) Milking.